Perceptions of Electoral Integrity, (PEI-8.5)

This dataset by the Electoral Integrity Project evaluates the quality of elections held around the world. Based on a rolling survey collecting the views of election experts, this research provides independent and reliable evidence to compare whether countries meet international standards of electoral integrity. PEI-8.5 cumulative release covers 497 national parliamentary and presidential contests held worldwide in 169 countries from 1 July 2012 to 31 December 2021. For each contest, approximately 40 election experts receive an electronic invitation to fill the survey. The survey includes assessments from 4,722 election experts, with a mean response rate of 23%. The study collects 49 indicators to compare elections. These indicators are clustered to evaluate eleven stages in the electoral cycle as well as generating an overall summary Perception of Electoral Integrity (PEI) 100-point index and comparative ranking. The datasets are available for analysis at three levels: COUNTRY-level (169 observations); ELECTION-level (497 observations), and also EXPERT-level (4,722 observations). Each dataset can be downloaded in STATA, CSV, and EXCEL formats.本数据集由选举完整性项目（Electoral Integrity Project）编制，旨在评估全球范围内各类选举的质量。该研究依托滚动式调研收集选举专家的评估意见，提供独立且可靠的实证依据，用以对比评估各国是否符合选举完整性的国际标准。PEI-8.5累计版覆盖了2012年7月1日至2021年12月31日期间，全球169个国家的497场全国议会选举与总统选举。针对每一场选举，项目会向约40名选举专家发送电子调研邀请。本次调研共回收来自4722名选举专家的评估结果，平均回收率达23%。该研究共设置49项选举评估指标，通过聚类分析覆盖选举周期的11个阶段，并据此生成选举完整性感知（Perception of Electoral Integrity, PEI）百分制综合指数及各国对比排名。本数据集提供三个分析维度的版本：国家层面（共169个观测值）、选举层面（共497个观测值）以及专家层面（共4722个观测值）。所有数据集均可通过STATA、CSV及EXCEL格式下载。