Table_2_Interspecies transmission of porcine-originated G4P[6] rotavirus A between pigs and humans: a synchronized spatiotemporal approach.XLSX

As a leading viral cause of acute gastroenteritis in both humans and pigs, rotavirus A (RVA) poses a potential public health concern. Although zoonotic spillover of porcine RVA strains to humans is sporadic, it has been detected worldwide. The origin of chimeric human–animal strains of RVA is closely linked to the crucial role of mixed genotypes in driving reassortment and homologous recombination, which play a major role in shaping the genetic diversity of RVA. To better understand how genetically intertwined porcine and zoonotic human-derived G4P[6] RVA strains are, the present study employed a spatiotemporal approach to whole-genome characterization of RVA strains collected during three consecutive RVA seasons in Croatia (2018–2021). Notably, sampled children under 2 years of age and weanling piglets with diarrhea were included in the study. In addition to samples tested by real-time RT-PCR, genotyping of VP7 and VP4 gene segments was conducted. The unusual genotype combinations detected in the initial screening, including three human and three porcine G4P[6] strains, were subjected to next-generation sequencing, followed by phylogenetic analysis of all gene segments, and intragenic recombination analysis. Results showed a porcine or porcine-like origin for each of the eleven gene segments in all six RVA strains. The G4P[6] RVA strains detected in children most likely resulted from porcine-to-human interspecies transmission. Furthermore, the genetic diversity of Croatian porcine and porcine-like human G4P[6] strains was propelled by reassortment events between porcine and porcine-like human G4P[6] RVA strains, along with homologous intragenotype and intergenotype recombinations in VP4, NSP1, and NSP3 segments. Described concurrent spatiotemporal approach in investigating autochthonous human and animal RVA strains is essential in drawing relevant conclusions about their phylogeographical relationship. Therefore, continuous surveillance of RVA, following the One Health principles, may provide relevant data for assessing the impact on the protectiveness of currently available vaccines.

作为人类和猪急性胃肠炎的主要病毒病原体，轮状病毒A型（RVA）构成了潜在的公共卫生问题。尽管猪源RVA毒株向人类的跨物种传播偶发，但已在全球范围内被检测到。具有人畜嵌合特征的RVA毒株的起源与混合基因型在驱动基因重组和同源重组中的关键作用密切相关，而基因重组和同源重组在塑造RVA遗传多样性方面发挥着重要作用。为了更好地理解猪源和猪源类似的人类G4P[6] RVA毒株在遗传上的相互交织，本研究采用时空方法对克罗地亚连续三个RVA季节（2018-2021年）收集的RVA毒株进行了全基因组特征描述。值得注意的是，研究纳入了2岁以下的儿童和患有腹泻的断奶仔猪。除了通过实时RT-PCR检测的样本外，还对VP7和VP4基因片段进行了基因分型。在初步筛选中检测到的非典型基因型组合，包括三种人类和三种猪源G4P[6]毒株，接受了下一代测序，随后对所有基因片段进行了系统发育分析，并进行了基因内重组分析。结果显示，六个RVA毒株中的每一个基因片段均具有猪源或类似猪源起源。在儿童中检测到的G4P[6] RVA毒株很可能是由于猪向人类的跨物种传播所致。此外，克罗地亚猪源和猪源类似的人类G4P[6]毒株的遗传多样性是由猪源和猪源类似的人类G4P[6] RVA毒株之间的基因重组事件，以及VP4、NSP1和NSP3片段中的同源基因型内和基因型间重组推动的。在调查本土人类和动物RVA毒株方面，描述的时空方法对于推断其系统地理关系至关重要。因此，遵循“一个健康”原则对RVA进行持续监测，可能为评估现有疫苗的保护性影响提供相关数据。