Reconciling coastal sea level rise at tide gauges over 1993-2022

Coastal sea level rise is typically observed by tide gauges and satellite altimetry. By nature, these two types of observations represent different definitions of sea level changes. Tide gauges reflect relative sea level changes, but satellite altimetry defines absolute sea level changes. They both suffer from the glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) effect. Different considerations are required to explain the causes of sea level rise from tide gauges and satellite altimetry. To this end, we synthesize annual sea level rise by integrating ocean reanalysis, and sea level fingerprints that describe modern ocean mass increase. After corrections of GIA and vertical land motions, observations from tide gauges and satellite altimetry are transformed into modern relative sea level rise. At majority locations of tide gauges, sea level budget is closed within uncertainty. This dataset can be used to investigate sea level rise along coast from 1993-2022.