Costs of delayed mating opportunities, overripening, and mate choice in Killifish

Females of highly iteroparous, oviparous species must mate multiply and
potentially choose mates hundreds to thousands of times throughout their
lifespan. Theory indicates that costly female mating preferences may favor
low levels of preference in species that have to mate repeatedly. One
potential cost of mating preference is overripening, which occurs in some
external fertilizers when females ovulate but do not spawn their eggs.
Overripening may create a trade-off between the benefits of mate choice
(i.e., rejecting males of poor quality) and egg viability. This study
tested for overripening as a cost of delayed mating and determined its
effects on female mating preferences in the bluefin killifish, Lucania
goodei. Female L. goodei often mate multiple times each day across
multiple days when gravid. Females were divided into three treatments:
mate every day, mate every two days, and mate every four days. In the
first experiment, females were paired with either a red or a yellow
conspecific male on spawning days.  In the second experiment,
females were paired with either a conspecific male (L. goodei) or a
heterospecific male (L. parva) on spawning days. In both experiments, the
eggs were retrieved following spawning, and their viability (i.e.,
survival) was monitored for five days. Females that were forced to ‘hold
onto’ their eggs for extended periods had smaller clutch sizes and lower
egg viability, demonstrating that costs to rejecting males potentially
exist. In the first experiment, there was no evidence of female choice for
red versus yellow males. In the second experiment, female preference for
conspecifics versus heterospecifics declined when females could only mate
once every four days, but the differences among treatments did not reach
statistical significance. The results of this study illustrate a potential
cost to female mate choice and suggest that the benefits of mate choice
may not outweigh the costs due to egg overripening.