Intermittent rate coding and cue-specific neuronal ensembles support working memory
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Persistent, memorandum-specific neuronal spiking activity has long been hypothesized to underlie working memory. However, emerging evidence suggests a possible role for âactivity-silentâ, synaptic mechanisms. This issue remains controversial because evidence for either view has largely relied on datasets that fail to capture single-trial population dynamics or on indirect measures of neuronal spiking. We addressed this by examining the dynamics of mnemonic information on single trials obtained from large, local populations of lateral prefrontal neurons recorded simultaneously in monkeys performing a working memory task. Here, we show that mnemonic information does not persist in the spiking activity of neuronal populations during memory delays, but instead alternates between coordinated âOnâ and âOffâ states. At the level of single neurons, Off states are driven both by a loss of selectivity for memoranda and a return of firing rates to spontaneous levels. Further exploiting the large-..., Subjects Three adult male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) participated in the experiment. Monkey A, H, and J weighed 11, 14, and 12 kg, respectively. All surgical and experimental procedures were approved by the Stanford University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and were in accordance with the policies and procedures of the National Institutes of Health. Behavioral task                         Stimuli were presented on a VIEWPixx3D monitor positioned at a viewing distance of 60 cm using Psychtoolbox and MATLAB (MathWorks). Eye position was monitored at 1kHz using an Eyelink 1000 eye-tracking system (SR Research). On each trial, the animals were presented with a cue at one of 8 possible locations and reported this location after a brief memory delay to receive a fluid reward. Cues were square frames (green for Monkey A, black for Monkey H, white for Monkey J) measuring 1 degree of visual angle on a side and presented at 5-7 degrees of eccentricity (depending on the session)..., , # Intermittent rate coding and cue-specific neuronal ensembles support working memory ### Overview --- This dataset consists of neural recordings from the lateral prefrontal cortex of rhesus macaques performing a spatial working memory task. The data are organized by *session*, a single ~1-3 hour experiment during which the animal performed the task while we measured neuronal and behavioral responses. 10 sessions were recorded from monkey A, 8 from monkey H, 7 from monkey J. For more details, see the associated paper, [Panichello, Jonikaitis, Oh, Zhu, Trepka, & Moore (2023)](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.561121v1). ### Format --- The data for each session is saved as a set of variables in a MAT-file (*yymmdd*.mat). The variables are: * **spks**. *nTrials* x *nTimebins* x *nUnits boolean*. Spike rasters for each single- and multi-unit identified via spike sorting, aligned to cue onset on each trial. Spikes were binned with 1 ms resolution, from 500 ms befo...
长期以来，学界一直假设与待记忆线索特异性相关的神经元锋电位（neuronal spiking）持续活动是工作记忆（working memory）的神经基础。然而，新兴研究证据表明，"活动静默（activity-silent）"的突触机制或许也发挥了关键作用。这一议题至今仍存在争议，因为两种观点的佐证证据，要么依赖于无法捕捉单试次群体神经动力学（single-trial population dynamics）的数据集，要么基于神经元锋电位的间接测量手段。本研究通过分析执行工作记忆任务的猕猴同时记录到的大量局部外侧前额叶神经元（lateral prefrontal neurons）群体的单试次记忆信息动态变化，解决了这一争议。研究结果显示，在记忆延迟阶段，神经元群体的锋电位活动中并未持续存在记忆信息；相反，记忆信息会在协同的"激活（On）"与"静默（Off）"状态之间交替切换。在单个神经元层面，静默状态的产生，既源于其对记忆线索的选择性消失，也源于其放电速率回归至自发活动水平。后续将进一步利用大规模…… **实验对象** 本实验共使用3只成年雄性恒河猴（Macaca mulatta），分别为猴A、猴H与猴J，体重依次为11 kg、14 kg与12 kg。所有手术与实验流程均已获得斯坦福大学实验动物护理与使用委员会（Stanford University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee）批准，并严格遵循美国国立卫生研究院（National Institutes of Health）的相关政策与操作规范。 **行为任务** 实验刺激通过Psychtoolbox与MATLAB（MathWorks）呈现于视距60 cm的VIEWPixx3D显示器上。实验采用Eyelink 1000眼动追踪系统（SR Research）以1 kHz的采样率监测眼位。每一试次中，动物会看到8个可能位置中的某一个呈现的提示线索，并在短暂的记忆延迟后报告该提示位置，以获得液体奖励。提示线索为方形边框：猴A的提示边框为绿色，猴H为黑色，猴J为白色，边框边长对应1个视觉视角，呈现于偏心度5~7度的位置（依实验时段而定）…… # 间歇速率编码与线索特异性神经元集群支持工作记忆 ### 数据集概览 本数据集包含执行空间工作记忆任务的恒河猴外侧前额叶皮层的神经记录数据。数据按**实验时段（session）**进行组织，每个实验时段对应一次时长约1~3小时的实验，实验期间动物执行任务的同时，我们同步采集了神经与行为反应数据。其中猴A共采集10个实验时段的数据，猴H为8个，猴J为7个。更多细节可参阅相关论文：Panichello、Jonikaitis、Oh、Zhu、Trepka与Moore（2023），链接：https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.561121v1 ### 数据格式 每个实验时段的数据均保存为MAT文件（*yymmdd*.mat），其中包含以下变量： * **spks**：维度为*nTrials* × *nTimebins* × *nUnits* 的布尔型数组。对应经尖峰排序（spike sorting）识别的每个单单元与多单元的锋电位光栅图（spike raster），对齐至每个试次的提示线索出现时刻。锋电位以1 ms分辨率进行分箱，时间范围从提示线索出现前500 ms至……
