Locomotor behavior of wolf spiders in the paramo

Ectothermic animals depend on ambient temperature to regulate internal temperature. This dependence affects their ecology and behavior, including locomotion, foraging, and reproduction. Additionally, ectotherms are more vulnerable in environments with extreme hourly temperature fluctuations, and their activity patterns likely match those of favorable temperatures. Here, we studied Pardosa wolf spiders (Lycosidae) in the highland tropical paramos of Costa Rica. We tested two hypotheses to elucidate the drivers of variation in locomotor behavior. First, we tested if locomotor behavior is driven by temperature variation. Spiders experimentally exposed to higher temperatures (30°C) moved 3.96 times faster than those exposed to lower temperatures (7°C). Second, we tested if locomotor behavior is modulated by the maternal care strategy of these spiders. Females carry an egg sac externally by holding it with the distal spinnerets. The egg sac can represent up to 36% of the spider's body size. ..., We ran locomotor behavior trials in which we tested the relative velocity of female wolf spiders of Pardosa sp. (Araneae: Lycosidae). Spiders were experimentally subjected to cold or heat conditions, and we measured their velocity afterward. A portion of those females was carrying an external egg sac that represented up to ~1/3 of their body size. This allowed us to test the effect of carrying that object on their speed. We conducted this fieldwork in the highland paramo environment of Costa Rica.  ,变温动物（ectothermic animals）依赖环境温度调节体内体温。这种温度依赖性会影响其生态学特征与行为模式，涵盖运动、觅食及繁殖等方面。此外，变温动物在逐时温度波动剧烈的环境中更为脆弱，其活动节律往往与适宜温度区间相契合。 本研究以哥斯达黎加高地热带帕拉莫（paramos）生境中的豹蛛属（Pardosa）狼蛛（狼蛛科Lycosidae）为研究对象，通过两项假说解析其运动行为的变异驱动因子。其一，验证运动行为是否由温度波动主导：实验表明，暴露于30℃高温环境的蜘蛛，其移动速度是7℃低温环境个体的3.96倍；其二，验证运动行为是否受该类蜘蛛的育幼策略调控。雌性狼蛛会借助远端纺器夹持体外卵囊，卵囊最大可达到蜘蛛自身体积的36%。…… 我们开展了运动行为测试实验，以测定豹蛛属未定种（Pardosa sp.，蜘蛛目Araneae：狼蛛科Lycosidae）雌性狼蛛的相对移动速度。实验中将蜘蛛分别置于低温或高温环境下处理，随后测定其移动速度。其中部分雌性个体正携带着占自身体积约1/3的体外卵囊，借此可验证携带该负载物对其移动速度的影响。 本野外研究工作均在哥斯达黎加的高地帕拉莫生境中完成。