Soil: Temperature Data - McDonogh 1 - Water year 2000-2007

Baltimore Ecosystem Study Long-Term Study Plot Soil Metadata Participants Peter Groffman, Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies Richard V. Pouyat, U.S. Forest Service Introduction The Baltimore Ecosystem Study (BES) has established a network of long-term permanent biogeochemical study plots. These plots will provide long-term data on vegetation, soil and hydrologic processes in the key ecosystem types within the urban ecosystem. The current network of study plots includes eight forest plots, chosen to represent the range of forest conditions in the area, and four grass plots. These plots are complemented by a network of 200 less intensive study plots located across the Baltimore metropolitan area. See Baltimore's Vegetation Structure And Its Ability To Remove Air Pollutants And Sequester Carbon Dioxide, online: http://beslter.org/frame4-page_3b_02.html . Plots are currently instrumented with lysimeters (drainage and tension) to sample soil solution chemistry, time domain reflectometry probes to measure soil moisture, dataloggers to measure and record soil temperature and trace gas flux chambers to measure the flux of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane from soil to the atmosphere. Measurements of in situ nitrogen mineralization, nitrification and denitrification were made at approximately monthly intervals from Fall 1998 - Fall 2000. Detailed vegetation characterization (all layers) was done in summer 1998. Data from these plots has been published in Groffman et al. (2006, 2009), Groffman and Pouyat (2009) and Savva et al. (2010). Plot Locations and Characterizations In November of 1998 four rural, forested plots were established at Oregon Ridge Park in Baltimore County northeast of the Gwynns Falls Watershed. Oregon Ridge Park contains Pond Branch, the forested reference watershed for BES. Two of these four plots are located on the top of a slope; the other two are located midway up the slope. In June of 2010 measurements at the mid-slope sites on Pond Branch were discontinued. Monuments and equipment remain at the two plots. These plots were replaced with two lowland riparian plots; Oregon upper riparian and Oregon lower riparian. Each riparian sites has four 5 cm by 1-2.5 meter depth slotted wells laid perpendicular to the stream, four tension lysimeters at 10 cm depth, five time domain reflectometry probes, and four trace gas flux chambers in the two dominant microtopographic features of the riparian zones --- high spots (hummocks) and low spots (hollows). Four urban, forested plots were established in November 1998, two at Leakin Park and two adjacent to Hillsdale Park in west Baltimore City in the Gwynns Falls. One of the plots in Hillsdale Park was abandoned in 2004 due to continued vandalism. In May 1999 two grass, lawn plots were established at McDonogh School in Baltimore County west of the city in the Gwynns Falls. One of these plots is an extremely low intensity management area (mowed once or twice a year) and one is in a low intensity management area (frequent mowing, no fertilizer or herbicide use). In 2009, the McDonogh plots were abandoned due to management changes at the school. Two grass lawn plots were established on the campus of the University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC) in fall 2000. One of these plots is in a medium intensity management area (frequent mowing, moderate applications of fertilizer and herbicides) and one is in a high intensity management area (frequent mowing, high applications of fertilizer and herbicides). Plot locations: Hillsdale 1: 39 deg 19'28.14"N, 76 deg 42'16.49"W Hillsdale 2: 39 deg 19'31.24"N, 76 deg 42'28.62"W Leakin 1: 39 deg 18'1.32"N, 76 deg 41'37.08"W Leakin 2: 39 deg 18'5.42"N, 76 deg 41'34.15"W McDonogh 1: 39 deg 23'44.31"N, 76 deg 46'19.26"W McDonogh 2: 39 deg 23'52.26"N, 76 deg 46'23.52"W Oregon top-slope - 1: 39 deg 28'51.11"N, 76 deg 41'22.50"W Oregon mid-slope - 1: 39 deg 28'51.32"N, 76 deg 41'18.24"W Oregon top-slope - 2: 39 deg 29'12.74"N, 76 deg 41'22.88"W Oregon mid-slope - 2: 39 deg 29'12.68"N, 76 deg 41'18.62"W Oregon upper riparian: 39 deg 29'9.03"N, 76 deg 41'15.86"W Oregon lower riparian: 39 deg 28'52.06"N, 76 deg 41'15.54"W McDonogh 1: 39 deg 23'44.31"N, 76 deg 46'19.26"W McDonogh 2: 39 deg 23'52.26"N, 76 deg 46'23.52"W UMBC 1: 39 deg 15'8.82"N, 76 deg 42'10.43"W UMBC 2: 39 deg 14'6.50"N, 76 deg 42'48.71"W Soil Temperature Soil temperature is measured with HOBO H8 Pro Series Temp/External Temp data loggers from Onset Computer Corporation. One logger was installed in each plot to a depth of 10 cm. Each logger consists of an internal temperature sensor, which measures ambient air temperature at 10 cm below the surface from -30 deg C to 50 deg C, and an external temperature sensor, which measures aboveground temperature from -40 deg C to 100 deg C. Measurements are taken once every hour. Loggers are downloaded every six months either to a BoxCar shuttle or directly to a laptop computer using an interface cable. Data on the shuttle is downloaded onto a computer at the BES office at UMBC upon return from the field. Literature Cited Bowden R, Steudler P, Melillo J and Aber J. 1990. Annual nitrous oxide fluxes from temperate forest soils in the northeastern United States. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 95, 13997 14005. Driscoll CT, Fuller RD and Simone DM (1988) Longitudinal variations in trace metal concentrations in a northern forested ecosystem. J. Environ. Qual. 17: 101-107 Goldman, M. B., P. M. Groffman, R. V. Pouyat, M. J. McDonnell, and S. T. A. Pickett. 1995. CH4 uptake and N availability in forest soils along an urban to rural gradient. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 27:281-286. Groffman PM, Holland E, Myrold DD, Robertson GP and Zou X (1999) Denitrification. In: Robertson GP, Bledsoe CS, Coleman DC and Sollins P (Eds) Standard Soil Methods for Long Term Ecological Research. (pp 272-290). Oxford University Press, New York Groffman PM, Pouyat RV, Cadenasso ML, Zipperer WC, Szlavecz K, Yesilonis IC,. Band LE and Brush GS. 2006. Land use context and natural soil controls on plant community composition and soil nitrogen and carbon dynamics in urban and rural forests. Forest Ecology and Management 236:177-192. Groffman, P.M., C.O. Williams, R.V. Pouyat, L.E. Band and I.C. Yesilonis. 2009. Nitrate leaching and nitrous oxide flux in urban forests and grasslands. Journal of Environmental Quality 38:1848-1860. Groffman, P.M. and R.V. Pouyat. 2009. Methane uptake in urban forests and lawns. Environmental Science and Technology 43:5229-5235. DOI: 10.1021/es803720h. Holland EA, Boone R, Greenberg J, Groffman PM and Robertson GP (1999) Measurement of Soil CO2, N2O and CH4 exchange. In: Robertson GP, Bledsoe CS, Coleman DC and Sollins P (Eds) Standard Soil Methods for Long Term Ecological Research. (pp 258-271). Oxford University Press, New York Robertson GP, Wedin D, Groffman PM, Blair JM, Holland EA, Nadelhoffer KJ and. Harris D. 1999. Soil carbon and nitrogen availability: Nitrogen mineralization, nitrification and carbon turnover. In: Standard Soil Methods for Long Term Ecological Research (Robertson GP, Bledsoe CS, Coleman DC and Sollins P (Eds) Standard Soil Methods for Long Term Ecological Research. (pp 258-271). Oxford University Press, New York Savva, Y., K. Szlavecz, R. V. Pouyat, P. M. Groffman, and G. Heisler. 2010. Effects of land use and vegetation cover on soil temperature in an urban ecosystem. Soil Science Society of America Journal 74:469-480.巴尔的摩生态系统研究长期样地土壤元数据 参与者：Peter Groffman，卡里生态系统研究所；Richard V. Pouyat，美国林务局 引言 巴尔的摩生态系统研究（Baltimore Ecosystem Study, BES）已建立长期永久生物地球化学样地网络，旨在获取城市生态系统内关键生态系统类型的植被、土壤及水文过程长期监测数据。当前样地网络包含8个森林样地（用于表征区域内森林群落的分布特征）与4个草地样地，另辅以覆盖巴尔的摩大都市区的200个低强度监测样地。详细信息参见《巴尔的摩植被结构及其去除空气污染物与固碳能力》，在线链接：http://beslter.org/frame4-page_3b_02.html。 现有样地已布设渗漏计（lysimeters，含排水型与负压型）以采集土壤溶液化学样品，时域反射仪（time domain reflectometry）监测土壤含水率，数据记录仪（dataloggers）记录土壤温度，以及痕量气体通量箱（trace gas flux chambers）测定土壤向大气排放的二氧化碳、一氧化二氮与甲烷通量。1998年秋季至2000年秋季期间，以约每月一次的频率开展原位氮矿化、硝化与反硝化作用测定；1998年夏季完成了全植被分层特征调查。相关研究数据已发表于Groffman等（2006、2009）、Groffman与Pouyat（2009）以及Savva等（2010）的研究中。 样地位置与特征 1998年11月，在Gwynns Falls流域东北部巴尔的摩县的俄勒冈岭公园（Oregon Ridge Park）布设4个农村森林样地，该公园包含BES的森林参考流域Pond Branch。其中2个样地位于坡顶，剩余2个位于坡中。2010年6月，Pond Branch流域的坡中样地停止监测，但地标与设备仍保留原址。该坡中样地被2个河岸低地样地替代：俄勒冈上游河岸样地与俄勒冈下游河岸样地。每个河岸样地均布设：4根垂直于溪流的5cm×1-2.5m深度开槽井、5台10cm深度的负压渗漏计、5台时域反射仪，以及针对河岸带两种典型微地形——丘状高地与凹状低地——布设的4台痕量气体通量箱。 1998年11月，在巴尔的摩市西部Gwynns Falls流域的利金公园（Leakin Park）布设2个城市森林样地，在希尔斯代尔公园（Hillsdale Park）附近布设2个城市森林样地。其中希尔斯代尔公园的1个样地因持续遭受人为破坏于2004年废弃。 1999年5月，在城市西部Gwynns Falls流域的麦克多诺学校（McDonogh School）布设2个草地草坪样地：1个为极低管理强度样地（每年修剪1-2次），另1个为低管理强度样地（频繁修剪，不施用肥料与除草剂）。2009年，因学校管理政策变更，麦克多诺样地停止监测。 2000年秋季，在马里兰大学巴尔的摩县分校（University of Maryland, Baltimore County, UMBC）校园内布设2个草地草坪样地：1个为中等管理强度样地（频繁修剪，适量施用肥料与除草剂），另1个为高管理强度样地（频繁修剪，大量施用肥料与除草剂）。 样地坐标： 希尔斯代尔1号：39°19'28.14"N，76°42'16.49"W 希尔斯代尔2号：39°19'31.24"N，76°42'28.62"W 利金1号：39°18'1.32"N，76°41'37.08"W 利金2号：39°18'5.42"N，76°41'34.15"W 麦克多诺1号：39°23'44.31"N，76°46'19.26"W 麦克多诺2号：39°23'52.26"N，76°46'23.52"W 俄勒冈坡顶样地1：39°28'51.11"N，76°41'22.50"W 俄勒冈坡中样地1：39°28'51.32"N，76°41'18.24"W 俄勒冈坡顶样地2：39°29'12.74"N，76°41'22.88"W 俄勒冈坡中样地2：39°29'12.68"N，76°41'18.62"W 俄勒冈上游河岸样地：39°29'9.03"N，76°41'15.86"W 俄勒冈下游河岸样地：39°28'52.06"N，76°41'15.54"W 麦克多诺1号：39°23'44.31"N，76°46'19.26"W 麦克多诺2号：39°23'52.26"N，76°46'23.52"W 马里兰大学巴尔的摩县分校1号：39°15'8.82"N，76°42'10.43"W 马里兰大学巴尔的摩县分校2号：39°14'6.50"N，76°42'48.71"W 土壤温度监测 土壤温度监测采用Onset计算机公司生产的HOBO H8 Pro系列温度/外置温度数据记录仪。每个样地内均布设1台记录仪，安装深度为10cm。该记录仪包含内置温度传感器与外置温度传感器：内置传感器可测定地表下10cm处的环境空气温度，量程为-30℃至50℃；外置传感器测定地上温度，量程为-40℃至100℃。监测频率为每小时1次，每6个月通过BoxCar数据穿梭器或直接通过接口电缆连接笔记本电脑下载数据。穿梭器带回的数据会在返回马里兰大学巴尔的摩县分校BES办公室后导入计算机。 参考文献 Bowden R, Steudler P, Melillo J 与 Aber J. 1990. 美国东北部温带森林土壤的年度一氧化二氮通量. 《地球物理学研究杂志：大气》(J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.) 95: 13997-14005. Driscoll CT, Fuller RD 与 Simone DM. 1988. 北方森林生态系统中痕量金属浓度的纵向变化. 《环境质量杂志》(J. Environ. Qual.) 17: 101-107. Goldman MB, Groffman PM, Pouyat RV, McDonnell MJ 与 Pickett STA. 1995. 沿城乡梯度的森林土壤甲烷吸收与氮有效性. 《土壤生物学与生物化学》(Soil Biology and Biochemistry) 27:281-286. Groffman PM, Holland E, Myrold DD, Robertson GP 与 Zou X. 1999. 反硝化作用. 收录于：Robertson GP, Bledsoe CS, Coleman DC 与 Sollins P (编). 《长期生态研究标准土壤方法》. (第272-290页). 牛津大学出版社, 纽约. Groffman PM, Pouyat RV, Cadenasso ML, Zipperer WC, Szlavecz K, Yesilonis IC, Band LE 与 Brush GS. 2006. 城乡森林中土地利用背景与自然土壤因子对植物群落组成及土壤氮碳动态的调控. 《森林生态学与管理》(Forest Ecology and Management) 236:177-192. Groffman PM, Williams CO, Pouyat RV, Band LE 与 Yesilonis IC. 2009. 城市森林与草地的硝酸盐淋溶与一氧化二氮通量. 《环境质量杂志》(Journal of Environmental Quality) 38:1848-1860. Groffman PM 与 Pouyat RV. 2009. 城市森林与草坪的甲烷吸收. 《环境科学与技术》(Environmental Science and Technology) 43:5229-5235. DOI: 10.1021/es803720h. Holland EA, Boone R, Greenberg J, Groffman PM 与 Robertson GP. 1999. 土壤CO2、N2O与CH4交换的测定. 收录于：Robertson GP, Bledsoe CS, Coleman DC 与 Sollins P (编). 《长期生态研究标准土壤方法》. (第258-271页). 牛津大学出版社, 纽约. Robertson GP, Wedin D, Groffman PM, Blair JM, Holland EA, Nadelhoffer KJ 与 Harris D. 1999. 土壤碳氮有效性：氮矿化、硝化作用与碳周转. 收录于：《长期生态研究标准土壤方法》(Robertson GP, Bledsoe CS, Coleman DC 与 Sollins P 编). (第258-271页). 牛津大学出版社, 纽约. Savva Y, Szlavecz K, Pouyat RV, Groffman PM 与 Heisler G. 2010. 土地利用与植被覆盖对城市生态系统土壤温度的影响. 《美国土壤学会志》(Soil Science Society of America Journal) 74:469-480.