3‑Formylpyrazolo[1,5‑a]pyrimidines as Key Intermediates for the Preparation of Functional Fluorophores

A one-pot route for the regioselective synthesis of 3-formylpyrazolo­[1,5-a]­pyrimidines 4a–k in good yields through a microwave-assisted process is provided. The synthesis proceeds via a cyclocondensation reaction between β-enaminones 1 with NH-3-aminopyrazoles 2, followed by formylation with an iminium salt moiety (Vilsmeyer–Haack reagent). These N-heteroaryl aldehydes 4 were successfully used as strategic intermediates for the preparation of novel functional fluorophores with yields up to 98%. The structures of the products obtained and regioselectivity of the reactions were determined on the basis of NMR measurements and X-ray diffraction analysis. Since pyrazolo­[1,5-a]­pyrimidines (PPs) 3 have shown an important fluorescence, photophysical properties of four 2-methylderivatives substituted at position 7 with different acceptor (A) or donor (D) groups were investigated. The compounds evaluated exhibited large Stokes shift in different solvents, but only the substituted p-methoxyphenyl (4-An) showed a strong fluorescence intensity with quantum yields up to 44% due to its greater ICT. Therefore, hybrid systems based on pyrazolo­[1,5-a]­pyrimidines could be used as fluorescent probes to detect biologically or environmentally relevant species.