Replication files for "The Impact of Money on Science."

This dataset replicates tables and figures in the article "The Impact of Money on Science." The paper measures the productivity of university research investments and asks whether the resulting pools of knowledge create valuable, downstream technology (or simply accumulate in the “ivory tower”). It uses unexpected NCAA athletic outcomes to vary research support to university faculty and estimate knowledge productivity. We find positive, significant effects of research expenditures on articles published and patents filed. Then, using data on university technology licensing income, we show that these investments produce large returns in real terms. The data consists of an instrument, inputs, and outputs (from the knowledge production process). -The instrument consists of Associated Press college football team rankings. -The inputs the knowledge production function consist of the following: * research support expenditures (downloaded from the National Science Foundation) * faculty headcounts and expenditures (also downloaded from the National Science Foundation) * physical capital, i.e. facility expenditures (downloaded from IPEDS) - The outputs measure patenting, publishing, and licensing activity * Patent data comes from PatentsView.org (http://www.patentsview.org) and the USPTO Office of the Chief Economist. * Publishing activity is measured by academic publications, mainly in the ``STEM'' fields * University technology licensing revenues are surveyed and published by Association of University Technology Managers (``AUTM'') More details on the construction of these measures can be found in the associated article. Name correspondences are provided in an Excel file (nameMerge.xlsx). Code that combines the data from the subfolders and replicates the relevant tables and figures of the paper is provided in a STATA "do" file (master_final.do). Output files are exported to the "output" subfolder.本数据集复刻了论文《金钱对科学的影响》（"The Impact of Money on Science"）中的表格与图表。该论文旨在衡量大学研究投入的产出效率，并探究由此产生的知识储备究竟能否催生高价值的下游技术，抑或仅在“象牙塔”中沉淀积累。研究借助美国大学体育协会（National Collegiate Athletic Association, NCAA）的意外赛事结果，作为大学教师研究资助的外生冲击变量，以此估算知识生产的效率。我们发现，研究经费支出对学术论文发表与专利申请均存在显著的正向影响。随后，依托大学技术许可收入数据，我们进一步证明此类研究投入能够带来可观的实际回报。 本数据集包含工具变量、投入要素与知识生产过程的产出结果三类数据。 - 工具变量为美联社（Associated Press）大学橄榄球排名。 - 知识生产函数中的投入要素包括以下三项： * 研究支持经费（数据取自美国国家科学基金会（National Science Foundation）） * 教师总人数与相关经费支出（同样取自美国国家科学基金会） * 实物资本，即设施建设经费（数据来自IPEDS数据库） - 产出指标涵盖专利、学术出版与技术许可活动： * 专利数据源自PatentsView.org（网址：http://www.patentsview.org）与美国专利商标局（United States Patent and Trademark Office, USPTO）首席经济学家办公室 * 学术出版活动以学术论文发表量为衡量标准，主要聚焦于科学、技术、工程与数学（Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, STEM）领域 * 大学技术许可收入由美国大学技术管理者协会（Association of University Technology Managers, AUTM）开展调研并发布 关于各项指标构建的更多细节可参阅配套论文。变量名对应关系已在Excel文件nameMerge.xlsx中提供。用于合并各子文件夹数据并复刻论文相关表格与图表的代码，已以STATA的do文件形式提供（master_final.do）。所有输出文件均导出至“output”子文件夹中。