Data from: No release for the wicked: enemy release is dynamic and not associated with invasiveness

The enemy release hypothesis predicts that invasive species will receive less damage from enemies, compared to co-occurring native and noninvasive exotic species in their introduced range. However, release operating early in invasion could be lost over time and with increased range size as introduced species acquire new enemies. We used three years of data, from 61 plant species planted into common gardens, to determine whether (1) invasive, noninvasive exotic, and native species experience differential damage from insect herbivores and mammalian browsers, and (2) enemy release is lost with increased residence time and geographic spread in the introduced range. We find no evidence suggesting enemy release is a general mechanism contributing to invasiveness in this region. Invasive species received the most insect herbivory, and damage increased with longer residence times and larger range sizes at three spatial scales. Our results show that invasive and exotic species fail to escape enemies, particularly over longer temporal and larger spatial scales.天敌释放假说（Enemy Release Hypothesis）预测，在入侵物种的引入分布范围内，相较于同域共存的本土物种与非入侵性外来物种，入侵物种受到天敌的危害程度更低。然而，在入侵早期起效的天敌释放效应，可能会随着时间推移以及分布范围扩大，当引入物种获得新的天敌时逐渐丧失。我们依托针对61种植物开展的同质园（common garden）试验所获的3年数据，旨在解答两个研究问题：（1）入侵物种、非入侵性外来物种与本土物种在受到昆虫植食者和哺乳动物啃食者的危害程度上是否存在差异；（2）天敌释放效应是否会随着引入物种在引入区的定居时间增长以及地理分布范围扩大而逐渐消失。我们未发现证据表明，天敌释放是推动该区域植物入侵性的普遍机制。入侵物种受到的昆虫植食危害最为严重，且在三个空间尺度上，该危害程度会随定居时间延长以及分布范围扩大而加剧。我们的研究结果显示，入侵物种与外来物种均未能逃脱天敌的危害，尤其是在更长的时间尺度与更大的空间尺度下。