Demographic and Health Survey 2012 - Indonesia

Abstract
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The primary objective of the 2012 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) is to provide policymakers and program managers with national- and provincial-level data on representative samples of all women age 15-49 and currently-married men age 15-54.

The 2012 IDHS was specifically designed to meet the following objectives:
• Provide data on fertility, family planning, maternal and child health, adult mortality (including maternal mortality), and awareness of AIDS/STIs to program managers, policymakers, and researchers to help them evaluate and improve existing programs;
• Measure trends in fertility and contraceptive prevalence rates, and analyze factors that affect such changes, such as marital status and patterns, residence, education, breastfeeding habits, and knowledge, use, and availability of contraception;
• Evaluate the achievement of goals previously set by national health programs, with special focus on maternal and child health;
• Assess married men’s knowledge of utilization of health services for their family’s health, as well as participation in the health care of their families;
• Participate in creating an international database that allows cross-country comparisons that can be used by the program managers, policymakers, and researchers in the areas of family planning, fertility, and health in general

Geographic coverage
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National coverage

Analysis unit
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- Household
- Women age 15-49
- Ever married men age 15-54
- Never married men age 15-24

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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Indonesia is divided into 33 provinces. Each province is subdivided into districts (regency in areas mostly rural and municipality in urban areas). Districts are subdivided into subdistricts, and each subdistrict is divided into villages. The entire village is classified as urban or rural.

The 2012 IDHS sample is aimed at providing reliable estimates of key characteristics for women age 15-49 and currently-married men age 15-54 in Indonesia as a whole, in urban and rural areas, and in each of the 33 provinces included in the survey. To achieve this objective, a total of 1,840 census blocks (CBs)-874 in urban areas and 966 in rural areas-were selected from the list of CBs in the selected primary sampling units formed during the 2010 population census.

Because the sample was designed to provide reliable indicators for each province, the number of CBs in each province was not allocated in proportion to the population of the province or its urban-rural classification. Therefore, a final weighing adjustment procedure was done to obtain estimates for all domains. A minimum of 43 CBs per province was imposed in the 2012 IDHS design.

Refer to Appendix B in the final report for details of sample design and implementation.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The 2012 IDHS used four questionnaires: the Household Questionnaire, the Woman’s Questionnaire, the Currently Married Man’s Questionnaire, and the Never-Married Man’s Questionnaire. Because of the change in survey coverage from ever-married women age 15-49 in the 2007 IDHS to all women age 15-49 in the 2012 IDHS, the Woman’s Questionnaire now has questions for never-married women age 15-24. These questions were part of the 2007 Indonesia Young Adult Reproductive Survey questionnaire.

The Household and Woman’s Questionnaires are largely based on standard DHS phase VI questionnaires (March 2011 version). The model questionnaires were adapted for use in Indonesia. Not all questions in the DHS model were adopted in the IDHS. In addition, the response categories were modified to reflect the local situation.

The Household Questionnaire was used to list all the usual members and visitors who spent the previous night in the selected households. Basic information collected on each person listed includes age, sex, education, marital status, education, and relationship to the head of the household. Information on characteristics of the housing unit, such as the source of drinking water, type of toilet facilities, construction materials used for the floor, roof, and outer walls of the house, and ownership of various durable goods were also recorded in the Household Questionnaire. These items reflect the household’s socioeconomic status and are used to calculate the household wealth index. The main purpose of the Household Questionnaire was to identify women and men who were eligible for an individual interview.

The Woman’s Questionnaire was used to collect information from all women age 15-49. These women were asked questions on the following topics:
• Background characteristics (marital status, education, media exposure, etc.)
• Reproductive history and fertility preferences
• Knowledge and use of family planning methods
• Antenatal, delivery, and postnatal care
• Breastfeeding and infant and young children feeding practices
• Childhood mortality
• Vaccinations and childhood illnesses
• Marriage and sexual activity
• Fertility preferences
• Woman’s work and husband’s background characteristics
• Awareness and behavior regarding HIV-AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
• Sibling mortality, including maternal mortality
• Other health issues

Questions asked to never-married women age 15-24 addressed the following:
• Additional background characteristics
• Knowledge of the human reproduction system
• Attitudes toward marriage and children
• Role of family, school, the community, and exposure to mass media
• Use of tobacco, alcohol, and drugs
• Dating and sexual activity

The Man’s Questionnaire was administered to all currently married men age 15-54 living in every third household in the 2012 IDHS sample. This questionnaire includes much of the same information included in the Woman’s Questionnaire, but is shorter because it did not contain questions on reproductive history or maternal and child health. Instead, men were asked about their knowledge of and participation in health-careseeking practices for their children.

The questionnaire for never-married men age 15-24 includes the same questions asked to nevermarried women age 15-24.

Cleaning operations
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All completed questionnaires, along with the control forms, were returned to the BPS central office in Jakarta for data processing. The questionnaires were logged and edited, and all open-ended questions were coded. Responses were entered in the computer twice for verification, and they were corrected for computeridentified errors. Data processing activities were carried out by a team of 58 data entry operators, 42 data editors, 14 secondary data editors, and 14 data entry supervisors. A computer package program called Census and Survey Processing System (CSPro), which was specifically designed to process DHS-type survey data, was used in the processing of the 2012 IDHS.

Response rate
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The response rates for both the household and individual interviews in the 2012 IDHS are high. A total of 46,024 households were selected in the sample, of which 44,302 were occupied. Of these households, 43,852 were successfully interviewed, yielding a household response rate of 99 percent.

Refer to Table 1.2 in the final report for more detailed summarized results of the of the 2012 IDHS fieldwork for both the household and individual interviews, by urban-rural residence.

Sampling error estimates
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The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: (1) nonsampling errors, and (2) sampling errors. Nonsampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the 2012 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (2012 IDHS) to minimize this type of error, nonsampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the 2012 IDHS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and identical size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling error is a measure of the variability between all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.

A sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.

If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the 2012 IDHS sample is the result of a multi-stage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulae. The computer software used to calculate sampling errors for the 2012 IDHS is a SAS program. This program used the Taylor linearization method for variance estimation for survey estimates that are means or proportions. The Jackknife repeated replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics such as fertility and mortality rates.

Refer to Appendix C in the final report for details of estimates of sampling errors.

Data appraisal
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The following data quality tables are produced:
- Household age distribution
- Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women
- Age distribution of eligible and interviewed men
- Completeness of reporting
- Births by calendar years
- Reporting of age at death in days
- Reporting of age at death in months

See the tables in Appendix D of the final report.

摘要
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2012年印度尼西亚人口与健康调查（IDHS）的主要目标是向政策制定者和项目管理者提供有关所有15-49岁女性和目前已婚的15-54岁男性的全国及省级代表性样本数据的政策依据。
2012年IDHS的具体目标如下：
• 向项目管理者、政策制定者和研究人员提供关于生育率、家庭规划、孕产妇和儿童健康、成人死亡率（包括孕产妇死亡率）以及关于艾滋病/性传播感染（STIs）的认识的数据，以帮助他们评估和改进现有项目；
• 测量生育率和避孕普及率的趋势，并分析影响此类变化的因素，例如婚姻状况和模式、居住地、教育、母乳喂养习惯以及避孕知识的了解、使用和可获得性；
• 评估国家卫生项目先前设定的目标实现情况，特别关注孕产妇和儿童健康；
• 评估已婚男性对其家庭健康服务的了解和利用情况，以及他们在家庭医疗保健中的参与度；
• 参与建立一个国际数据库，允许跨国家比较，该数据库可用于家庭规划、生育率和一般健康领域的项目管理者、政策制定者和研究人员。
地理覆盖范围
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全国覆盖
分析单元
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- 家庭
- 15-49岁女性
- 15-54岁已婚男性
- 15-24岁未婚男性
数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
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印度尼西亚分为33个省。每个省被划分为区（农村地区为县级，城市地区为市辖区）。区被划分为乡，每个乡分为村庄。整个村庄被归类为城市或农村。
2012年IDHS样本旨在为印度尼西亚整体、城市和农村地区以及调查中包含的33个省的15-49岁女性和目前已婚的15-54岁男性提供可靠的关键特征估计。为此，从2010年人口普查中形成的选定一级抽样单位的CB列表中选择了总共1,840个普查区（CBs）-城市地区874个，农村地区966个。
由于样本旨在为每个省提供可靠的指标，因此每个省的CBs数量并未按省的人口或其城乡分类的比例分配。因此，对2012年IDHS设计施加了每个省至少43个CBs的限制。
有关样本设计和实施的详细情况，请参阅最终报告的附录B。
数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]
研究工具
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2012年IDHS使用了四份问卷：家庭问卷、女性问卷、目前已婚男性问卷和未婚男性问卷。由于调查覆盖范围从2007年IDHS中的15-49岁已婚女性转变为2012年IDHS中的所有15-49岁女性，因此女性问卷现在还包含针对15-24岁未婚女性的问题。这些问题是2007年印度尼西亚青年生殖调查问卷的一部分。
家庭和女性问卷主要基于标准DHS VI阶段问卷（2011年3月版本）。模型问卷被改编用于在印度尼西亚使用。DHS模型中的所有问题并未全部采用。此外，响应类别被修改以反映当地情况。
家庭问卷用于列出所选家庭中前一晚住宿的所有常驻成员和访客。收集的每个列出人员的详细信息包括年龄、性别、教育、婚姻状况、教育和与户主的关系。关于住房单位特征的详细信息，例如饮用水来源、卫生设施类型、用于地板、屋顶和外墙的建筑材料以及各种耐用商品的所有权也被记录在家庭问卷中。这些项目反映了家庭的社会经济状况，并用于计算家庭财富指数。家庭问卷的主要目的是确定符合个人访谈资格的男性和女性。
女性问卷用于收集所有15-49岁女性的信息。这些女性被问及以下主题的问题：
• 背景特征（婚姻状况、教育、媒体接触等）
• 生殖史和生育偏好
• 家庭规划方法的了解和使用
• 产前、分娩和产后护理
• 母乳喂养和婴幼儿喂养实践
• 儿童死亡率
• 疫苗接种和儿童疾病
• 婚姻和性行为
• 生育偏好
• 女性的工作和丈夫的背景特征
• 关于HIV-AIDS和其他性传播感染（STIs）的认识和行为
• 兄弟姐妹死亡率，包括孕产妇死亡率
• 其他健康问题
针对15-24岁未婚女性的问题涉及以下内容：
• 额外的背景特征
• 对人类生殖系统的了解
• 对婚姻和孩子的态度
• 家庭、学校、社区的作用以及大众媒体的接触
• 吸烟、饮酒和药物的使用
• 约会和对性行为的态度
男性问卷被用于2012年IDHS样本中每第三个家庭的15-54岁已婚男性。这份问卷包含与女性问卷中相同的大部分信息，但由于不包括关于生殖史或孕产妇和儿童健康的问题，因此它较短。相反，男性被问及他们对其子女健康保健的了解和参与度。
15-24岁未婚男性的问卷包含与15-24岁未婚女性相同的问题。
数据清理操作
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所有完成的问卷以及控制表格都返回到雅加达的BPS中央办公室进行数据处理。问卷被记录并编辑，所有开放式问题都被编码。响应被输入电脑两次以进行验证，并纠正了电脑识别的错误。数据处理活动由一支由58名数据录入员、42名数据编辑员、14名二级数据编辑员和14名数据录入主管组成的团队进行。在处理2012年IDHS时使用了专门为处理DHS类型调查数据而设计的计算机软件包程序，称为普查和调查处理系统（CSPro）。
响应率
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2012年IDHS中家庭和个人访谈的响应率都很高。在样本中总共选择了46,024个家庭，其中44,302个被占用。在这些家庭中，43,852个家庭被成功访谈，家庭响应率为99%。
有关2012年IDHS现场工作的更详细总结结果，请参阅最终报告中的表1.2，包括城市-农村居住情况。
抽样误差估计
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样本调查的估计受到两种类型误差的影响：（1）非抽样误差，和（2）抽样误差。非抽样误差是实施数据收集和数据处理中出现的错误的结果，例如未能找到和访谈正确的家庭、访谈员或受访者对问题的误解以及数据录入错误。尽管在实施2012年印度尼西亚人口与健康调查（2012年IDHS）期间做出了大量努力以最大限度地减少此类错误，但非抽样误差是无法避免且难以进行统计评估的。
另一方面，抽样误差可以通过统计方法进行评估。2012年IDHS中选定的受访者样本只是从同一人口中可能选择的许多样本之一，使用相同的方案和相同的大小。这些样本中的每一个都会产生与实际选定的样本结果略有不同的结果。抽样误差是衡量所有可能样本之间变异性的指标。尽管变异的程度并不完全清楚，但它可以从调查结果中进行估计。
抽样误差通常以特定统计量（平均数、百分比等）的标准误差来衡量，这是方差的平方根。标准误差可用于计算置信区间，在这个区间内，可以合理地假设对于总体而言，真实值可能落在其中。例如，对于从样本调查中计算出的任何给定统计量，该统计量的值将在95%的所有可能样本的相同大小和设计范围内，加减两倍该统计量的标准误差。
如果受访者样本被选为简单随机样本，则可以使用简单的公式来计算抽样误差。然而，2012年IDHS样本是多层次分层设计的产物，因此有必要使用更复杂的公式。用于计算2012年IDHS抽样误差的计算机软件是一个SAS程序。该程序使用Taylor线性化方法对调查估计的均值或比例进行方差估计。Jackknife重复复制方法用于复杂统计量（如生育率和死亡率）的方差估计。
有关抽样误差估计的详细情况，请参阅最终报告的附录C。
数据评估
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以下数据质量表被生成：
- 家庭年龄分布
- 合格和访谈女性的年龄分布
- 合格和访谈男性的年龄分布
- 报告的完整性
- 按日历年出生
- 死亡年龄报告按天数
- 死亡年龄报告按月份

最终报告附录D中的表格。