A review of observations and models of dynamic topography - residual topography and dynamic topography grids

This data collection is associated with the publication: Flament, N., Gurnis, M., & Müller, R. D. (2013). A review of observations and models of dynamic topography. Lithosphere, 5(2), 189-210. doi: 10.1130/l245.1Publication AbstractThe topography of Earth is primarily controlled by lateral differences in the density structure of the crust and lithosphere. In addition to this isostatic topography, flow in the mantle induces deformation of its surface leading to dynamic topography. This transient deformation evolves over tens of millions of years, occurs at long wavelength, and is relatively small (5000 km), we show that there is good agreement between published residual topography fields, including the one described here, and present-day dynamic topography predicted from mantle flow models, including a new one. Residual and predicted fields show peak-to-peak amplitudes of roughly ±2 km and a dominant degree two pattern with high values for the Pacific Ocean, southern Africa, and the North Atlantic and low values for South America, western North America, and Eurasia. The flooding of continental interiors has long been known to require both larger amplitudes and to be temporally phase-shifted compared with inferred eustatic changes. Such long-wavelength inferred vertical motions have been attributed to dynamic topography. An important consequence of dynamic topography is that long-term global sea-level change cannot be estimated at a single passive margin. As a case study, we compare the results of three published models and of our model to the subsidence history of well COST-B2 offshore New Jersey. TheAuthors and InstitutionsNicholas Flament - EarthByte Research Group, School of Geosciences, The University of Sydney, Australia. ORCID: 0000-0002-3237-0757Michael Gurnis - Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, USAR. Dietmar Müller - EarthByte Research Group, School of Geosciences, The University of Sydney, Australia. ORCID: 0000-0002-3334-5764Overview of Resources ContainedThis collection comprises gridded data of four independently calculated present-day residual topography fields, and five independently calculated present-day dynamic topography models, used in the dynamic topography review of Flament et al. (2013).List of ResourcesNote: For details on the files included in this data collection, see “Description_of_Resources.txt”.Note: For information on file formats and what programs to use to interact with various file formats, see “File_Formats_and_Recommended_Programs.txt”.Residual topography models - flament-et-al-2013, kaban-et-al-2003, panasyuk-hager-2000, steinberger-2007 (.nc, .txt, .kmz, .tif, .jpg, total 322.8 MB)Dynamic topography models - Conrad2009, Flament2013, Ricard1993, Spasojevic2012, Steinberger2007 (.nc, .txt, .kmz, .tif, .jpg, total 403.1 MB)For more information on this data collection, and links to other datasets from the EarthByte Research Group please visit EarthByteFor more information about using GPlates, including tutorials and a user manual please visit GPlates or EarthByte

本数据集关联的发表文献为：Flament N、Gurnis M与Müller R D（2013）发表于《岩石圈》（Lithosphere）第5卷第2期的《动态地形（dynamic topography）学观测与模型研究综述》，页码189-210，DOI：10.1130/l245.1。

论文摘要：地球地形主要受地壳与岩石圈密度结构的横向差异控制。除上述均衡地形外，地幔流动会引发地表形变，进而产生动态地形（dynamic topography）。这种瞬态形变会在数千万年的时间尺度上演化，空间尺度为长波长，且形变幅度相对较小（典型波长约5000 km）。本研究表明，已公开的剩余地形（residual topography）场（包括本文所描述的数据集）与基于地幔流动模型（含本研究提出的新模型）预测得到的现今动态地形之间具有良好的一致性。剩余地形与预测地形场的峰谷振幅约为±2 km，且呈现显著的二阶球谐模式：太平洋、非洲南部与北大西洋地区为高值区，南美洲、北美西部与欧亚大陆为低值区。长期以来，学界已知大陆内部的海侵现象需要更大的形变振幅，且相较于推断的全球海平面变化存在时间相位偏移，这类长波长的垂直运动被归因于动态地形。动态地形的一项重要影响是，无法仅凭单个被动陆缘估算长期全球海平面变化。作为案例研究，我们将3个已公开模型与本研究模型的结果，与新泽西海岸外COST-B2钻井的沉降历史进行了对比。

作者与所属机构：
Nicholas Flament - 澳大利亚悉尼大学地球科学学院地球字节（EarthByte）研究组，ORCID：0000-0002-3237-0757；
Michael Gurnis - 美国加州理工学院地震学实验室；
R. Dietmar Müller - 澳大利亚悉尼大学地球科学学院地球字节（EarthByte）研究组，ORCID：0000-0002-3334-5764。

数据集资源概述：本数据集包含4个独立计算得到的现今剩余地形场，以及5个独立计算得到的现今动态地形模型，均用于Flament等人（2013）的动态地形学综述研究。

资源列表：
注：关于本数据集中包含的文件详情，请参阅《Description_of_Resources.txt》。
注：关于文件格式与可用于处理各类格式文件的软件，请参阅《File_Formats_and_Recommended_Programs.txt》。
剩余地形模型：flament-et-al-2013、kaban-et-al-2003、panasyuk-hager-2000、steinberger-2007（文件格式包含.nc、.txt、.kmz、.tif、.jpg，总大小322.8 MB）；
动态地形模型：Conrad2009、Flament2013、Ricard1993、Spasojevic2012、Steinberger2007（文件格式包含.nc、.txt、.kmz、.tif、.jpg，总大小403.1 MB）。

如需了解本数据集的更多信息，以及获取地球字节（EarthByte）研究组发布的其他数据集，请访问EarthByte官网。如需了解GPlates的使用方法（包括教程与用户手册），请访问GPlates或EarthByte官网。