Record of American Democracy, State Level MCD-Group Data for PA

The Record of American Democracy (ROAD) data provide election returns, socioeconomic summaries, and demographic details about the American public at unusually low levels of geographic aggregation. The NSF-supported ROAD project spans every state in the country from 1984 through 1990 (including some off-year elections). These data enable research on topics such as electoral behavior, the political characteristics of local community context, electoral geography, the role of minority groups in elections and legislative redistricting, split ticket voting and divided government, and elections under federalism. Another set of files has added to these roughly 30-40 political variables an additional 3,725 variables merged from the 1990 United States Census for 47,327 aggregate units called MCD Groups. The MCD Group is a construct for purposes of this data collection. It is based on a merging of the electoral precincts and Census Minor Civil Divisions (MCDs). An MCD is about the size of a city or town. An MCD Group is smaller than or equal to a county and (except in California) is greater than or equal to the size of an MCD. The MCD Group units completely tile the United States landmass. This particular study contains the files for the State Level MCD Group Data for the state of Pennsylvania. Documentation and frequently asked questions are available online at the ROAD Website. A downloadable PDF codebook is also available in the files section of this study.《美国民主记录》（The Record of American Democracy，简称ROAD）数据集提供了美国公众的选举结果、社会经济汇总数据与人口统计细节，其地理聚合层级达到了罕见的精细程度。由美国国家科学基金会（National Science Foundation，NSF）资助的ROAD项目，覆盖了1984年至1990年美国全境各州，包含部分非大选年选举的数据。此类数据可支撑选举行为、地方社区语境的政治特征、选举地理学、少数群体在选举与立法选区重划中的作用、分裂投票与分治政府，以及联邦制框架下的选举等议题的相关研究。另有一组文件在原有的约30至40项政治变量基础上，新增了3725个变量，这些变量源自1990年美国人口普查，适配47327个名为“MCD分组（MCD Group）”的聚合单元。MCD分组为本数据集采集所创设的概念单元，基于选举投票区与人口普查次要民政分区（Minor Civil Divisions，MCD）合并而来。单个MCD的规模大致相当于一座城市或城镇；MCD分组的规模不大于县级行政区，且（加利福尼亚州除外）不小于单个MCD。所有MCD分组单元完整覆盖美国陆地领土范围。本数据集包含宾夕法尼亚州州级MCD分组数据文件。相关文档与常见问题可在ROAD官方网站查询，本数据集的文件专区中亦提供可下载的PDF格式代码手册。