Data and R-scripts for Thermal plasticity in a cross-sexual transfer trait: geographic variation and phenotypic integration of blue wing color in female butterflies

README:

Description: These CSV-files and associated R-scripts should make it possible to replicate all the statistical results and figures in the manuscript titled “Thermal plasticity in a cross-sexual transfer trait: geographic variation and phenotypic integration of blue wing color in female butterflies"

Figure 1

List of data files and r scripts

b) largemuseumdataset.csv: This CSV-file contains descriptive data on 2233 museum samples of Polyommatus icarus. These specimens are available at the Lund University Biological Museum. The column names include:

ID: The incremental ID number of each specimen

Sex: The sex of the specimen

Latitude: The mid-point latitude of the parish in which the specimen was collected

Longitude: The mid-point longitude of the parish in which the specimen was collected

Date: The full date of collection

Day: The day of collection in a month

Month: The month of collection

Year: The year of collection

Color: The color scale value from 1-5 (here inverted to facilitate the making of Figure 1, i.e. 1=most blue, 5= most brown).

Generation: For Öland and Skåne, the assignment into spring (1) and summer (2) generation.

MuseumID: The individual ID in the Lund University Museum dataset.

The script that generates figure 1b can be found in the Rscript file: Fig 1

c) Artportalen.csv: This CSV-file contains 29 073 observations of Polyommatus icarus, their observation dates, longitudinal and latitudinal coordinates ("Ost" = Longitude; "Nord" = Latitude). These Citizen Science Data were downloaded from the Swedish Species Portal (Artportalen: https://www.artportalen.se/) and they were recorded by naturalist volunteers between 2010-08-11 and 2020-06-23 (11 seasons). sColumn names:

Ost: The longitude of a sighting

Nord: The latitude of a sighting

Startdatum: The date of the sighting

The script that generates figure 1c can be found in the Rscript file: Fig 1

d) ArtportalenOlandSkane.csv. This CSV-file contains sightings of Polyommatus icarus from the Öland and Skåne Regions, uploaded to the Swedish Species Portal (Artportalen: https://www.artportalen.se/), recorded by naturalist volunteers between 2000-01-01 and 2022-12-31 (23 seasons).The data are presented in 10-day bins starting on day 130 of each year. Figure 1 d was produced using Microsoft Excel.

e) SkaneOlandScale.csv This CSV-file contains a frequency table of female museum specimens attributed to the five different degrees of blue color. The table is divided into females collected in the regions Öland and Skåne, and in the spring or summer generation. Figure 1e was analyzed in a Chi-Square test, and the figure was produced using Microsoft Excel.

Figure 2

List of data files and r scripts

a) Wild.csv: This CSV-file contains the wing areas and the areas of blue scales on wild-caught females from two populations in the Skåne Region (Tvedöra and Lund), and in the island of Öland (Sandby and Grönhögen). These data underlie Figure 2A. The column names include:

ID: The individual ID of collected females

Population: The site where a female was collected

Region: The region in which the site was located.

Scale: The color scale (see Fig 1A) of the dorsal female wing (1 = all brown, 5= almost fully blue)

FWArea: The area of the right forewing

FWBlue: The area of the right forewing covered in blue scales

HWArea: The area of the right hindwing

HWBlue: The area of the right hindwing covered in blue scales

WATot: The summed areas of the two wings measured

BlueTot: The summed areas of the two blue areas measured.

The script that generates figure 2a can be found in the Rscript file: Fig2a

b) temp.csv: This CSV-file contains the mean monthly temperatures for Skåne and Öland between 1960-1990 (downloaded from the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute; www.smhi.se). These data underlie the blue and red lines in Figure 2B.

Column names:

Month: The month of the year

Skåne: The average temperature in °C of the Skåne region between 1960-1990

Öland: The average temperature in °C of the Öland region between 1960-1990

The figure was generated using Microsoft Excel

c and d) LaboratoryExperiment.csv: This CSV-file contains the wing areas and the areas of blue scales on adult females reared as larvae in two different temperatures (18°C and 26°C). These data underlie Figure 2 C,D. Column names depict:

ID: The ID of the eclosing adult

MotherID: The ID of the field-collected mother of the eclosing adult (from the dataset “Wild.txt”).

MotherBlueScale: The blue color scale of the mother’s dorsal wings (see Fig 1A) (1 = all brown, 5= almost fully blue)

RearinTemp: The rearing temperature

Region: The region of origin of the field-collected mother

Population: The population of origin of the field-collected mother

Blue scale: The blue color scale of the eclosing adult (see Fig 1A) (1 = all brown, 5= almost fully blue)

Area FW: The area of the right forewing

Blue FW: The area of the right forewing covered in blue scales

Area HW: The area of the right hindwing

Blue HW: The area of the right hindwing covered in blue scales

Total wing area: The summed areas of the two wings measured

Total Blue area: The summed areas of the two blue areas measured.

Percentage blue: The quota between “Total Blue area” and “Total wing area” (not used in analyses).

The script that generates figure 2c and 2d can be found in the Rscript file: Fig2cde

e) museum.csv: This CSV-file contains data on the 960 female Polyommatus icarus museum specimens for which data on wing areas and the areas of blue scales are available. These data underlie Figure 2 E:

ID: The butterfly ID number

AreaFW: The area of the right forewing

BlueFW: The area of the right forewing covered in blue scales

AreaHW: The area of the right hindwing

BlueHW: The area of the right hindwing covered in blue scales

TotWarea: The summed areas of the two wings measured

StTotArea: The standardized total wing area (difference to mean divided by standard deviation)

TotalBlueArea: The summed areas of the two blue areas measured

StBlArea: Variable not used. The standardized blue area (difference to mean divided by standard deviation)

Blueprop: The quota between “Total Blue area” and “Total wing area” (not used in analyses).

ColorScale: The blue color scale of the specimen (see Fig 1A) (1 = all brown, 5= almost fully blue)

BinomBlue1: Variable not used. 0= completely brown, 1=at least some blue scales

BinomBlue2: Variable not used. 0= brown in distal scales, 1=almost completely blue

Landskap: The region of Sweden in which a specimen was collected

Socken: The parish of Sweden in which a specimen was collected

LatGroup: Variable not used. Grouping variable of specimens in latitude ranges from south to north

Latitud: The latitude (centre of parish) where a specimen was collected

Longitud: The longitude (centre of parish) where a specimen was collected

Year: The year a specimen was collected

Month: The month a specimen was collected

Day: The day of the month a specimen was collected

LarvalMonth: The month in which the specimen was estimated to be in the ultimate larval stages

FlyingMonth: the month of adult flight

Generation: The estimated generation, dependen on latitude. Cf. Figure 1C.

AnnMeanTemp: The annual mean temperature at this geographic location

StAnnTemp: The standardized annual mean temperature (difference to mean divided by standard deviation)

LarvTemp: The local temperature during the time a specimen was estimated to be a larva

StLarvTemp: The standardized estimated larval temperature (difference to mean divided by standard deviation)

Flytemp: The local temperature at the time a specimen was estimated to be on the wing

StFlyTemp: The standardized flight temperature (difference to mean divided by standard deviation)

AnnPrecip: The annual precipitation at this geographic location

StAnnPrecip: The standardized annual precipitation (difference to mean divided by standard deviation)

LarvPrecip: The local precipitation during the time a specimen was estimated to be a larva.

StLarvPrecip: The standardized estimated precipitation during larvalhood (difference to mean divided by standard deviation)

FlyPrecip: The local precipitation during the time a specimen was estimated to have been on the wing.

StFlyPrecip: The standardized estimated precipitation during adulthood (difference to mean divided by standard deviation)

The script that generates figure 2e can be found in the Rscript file: Fig2cde

Figure 3

List of data files and r scripts

a) 100um.csv: This CSV file contains the data obtained from photos taken at the 100um scale from the dorsal side of the forewings of brown and blue Polyommatus icarus females and from (blue) males. The data underlie Figure 3A (in table form at the bottom of the file). Column names:

Id: The butterfly ID.

Sex: The sex of the specimen.

Population: The population the specimen descended from.

Category: The type of butterfly (brown female, blue female, male).

Area: The wing area the scale was located in (blue or brown).

Spiky_ scales: The number of spiky scales in photographed area.

Mixed_Scales: The number of mixed scales in photographed area.

Round_Scales: The number of round scales in photographed area.

Prop_spiky_ scales: The proportion of scales being spiky.

Prop_mixed_Scales: The proportion of scales being mixed.

Prop_round_Scales: The proportion of scales being round.

The figure was prepared in Microsoft Excel.

b) 10um.csv: This CSV file contains the data obtained from photos taken at the 10um scale from the dorsal side of single forewing scales of brown and blue Polyommatus icarus females and from (blue) males. There are three different scale types represented: “spiky” scales (from brown areas of female wings, “roundish” scales, from blue areas of male and blue female wings, and “mixed” scales, from blue areas of blue female wings. The data underlie Figure 3B. Column names:

Sex: The sex of the specimen

Type: The type of butterfly (brown female, blue female, male)

Scale_type: The scale type photographed (spike, or round)

Area: The wing area the scale was located in (blue or brown)

Group: The grouping variable (see Fig 3 A)

Id: The butterfly ID

Blue_scale: The designation of the butterfly wing color on the blue scale (1= brown, 5= blue, 6 = male).

PropHoleArea: The proportion of the wing scale cell being hollow

PropMembrArea: The proportion of the wing scale cell being membranous.

Data were analyzed using a Kruskal Wallis test with “PropHoleArea” as response variable and “Group” as grouping variable. The figure was prepared in Microsoft Excel.