Likelihood-based deviance information criterion (DIC) scores for conventional causal (M4) and conventional reverse causal (M5) models, both (i) assume absence of pleiotropic effects of instruments on biomarkers and outcomes, (ii) explicitly exclude unmeasured confounders from modelling and (iii) ac

Digits after decimal point have been omitted from the table.
Setting 1: precxt = 200, precx = 200, precy = 100; Setting 2: precxt = 1000, precx = 1000, precy = 0.1; Setting 3: precxt = 100, precx = 100, precy = 100. Sparsity parameter gamma is set to 0.025 in all models. In model with confounders (M6) precz = 1.
**indicates the best model for each setting; preferred modelling hypotheses are characterized by lower DICs.