Water Quality data for sites in Gully Remediation (NESP TWQ 2.1.4, CSIRO)

This dataset contains Water Quality monitoring data collected at the project gully sites for the three reporting wet seasons 2016-2017, 2017-2018 and 2018-2019.

The data in presented in this metadata are part of a larger collection and are intended to be viewed in the context of the project. For further information on the project, view the parent metadata record: Demonstration and evaluation of gully remediation on downstream water quality and agricultural production in GBR rangelands (NESP TWQ 2.1.4, CSIRO).

Monitoring of these sites is continuing as part of NESP TWQ Project 5.9. Any temporal extensions to this dataset will be linked to from this record.

Methods:

A description of the water quality sampling procedures for this project is outlined in Baker et al.,(2016).

An automatic monitoring station was installed at each of the treatment gullies (See Key Localities). The monitoring station recorded rainfall, stage height, turbidity and water temperature at 1-min intervals during runoff events. The station also housed an ISCO auto-sampler that collected 1-L water samples at programmed intervals across the hydrograph (samples were processed as described below). A camera was installed at the treatment sites to capture photos during runoff events.

Each of the control sites were fitted with a simpler tripod monitoring station that measured rainfall, stage height and turbidity. Bulk water quality samples were collected manually after each (accessible) event using poly-pipe rocket structures. Data from both the treatment and control sites had telemetered communications to allow remote access of data.

Unidata Starflow QSD ultrasonic doppler was installed above the turbidity sensor at each site in 2017. The sensor measures the velocity of particles or bubbles in the water (presumed to be the same velocity as the water) using the doppler shift between transmitted and received ultrasonic signals. The sensors are mounted facing downstream to reduce the impact of particles damaging the sensor face and debris build up on measurement. The sensors require reconfiguration from factory default settings to capture data in gully systems.
A description of the water quality sampling procedures for this project is outlined in Baker et al., (2016). In brief, following significant runoff events that triggered the samplers, the ISCO bottles were collected and the samples were filtered and frozen if collected within 24 hours of the event. These samples were analysed for TSS and the full suite of nutrients (total nitrogen, total dissolved nitrogen, NH3, NOx, total phosphorus, total dissolved phosphorus, FRP) at the JCU TropWater Laboratory, Townsville. Samples that were not collected within 24 hours were analysed for TSS only. A sub-set of the samples collected were also sent for particle size analysis. The samples were processed on a Malvern Mastersizer which is a laser diffraction analyser with a lens range of 0.02 – 2000 µm.

Telemetered data from the loggers was captured to a fileserver and subsequently extracted, checked and combined with lab sample results in Excel. The files in this data collection represent the final combined dataset of all water quality and rainfall data from each site.
Linear relationships between TSS and TN sample concentrations and coincident turbidity data were derived for all sites (Table 6). Turbidity data was not used when (i) the instrument exceeded the instrument calibration threshold; (ii) turbidity sensor readings were erroneous due to damage or sensor malfunction, or when the sensors were buried.

Format:

This data collection consists of 5 zip files (one for each paired gully monitoring site). Zip files are named according to the property on which they are located. Each zip file contains six MS Excel spreadsheets representing 3 years of water quality monitoring and rainfall data for both the Control and Treatment gully sites. MS Excel files contain tabs representing the following:
Notes
Rainfall
Stream data (Timestamp, Depth, Turbidity, Rain, Photo cnt, Velocity)
Sample Data (Timestamp, BottleNo, EventNo, SampleNo, Depth, Turbidity)
Lab Results (combined with sample data)
Chart of Stream and Sample data for the whole year and reporting
Charts of Stream and Sample data for each flow event

Each zip file contains an additional Excel spreadsheet “WQ_QA_vs_Turb_.xlsx” with tabs “control” and “treatment” containing a summary of all water quality lab analyses for all years and an assessment of the quality (Quality_code) of each sample. Further tabs show the turbidity-TSS and turbidity-N relationships subsequently developed for use in discharge and load estimates.

As well as the 5 zip files, this collection contains a single spreadsheet summarising all particle size measurements for the sites: “NESP_particle size_summary_all_sites.xlsx”

Data Dictionary:

Column headings used in the Water Quality Excel spreadsheets:
Timestamp – time in AEST (+10GMT)
Depth – Depth of flow above depth sensor in millimetres, Depth sensor was level with gully bed at time of installation.
Turbidity – turbidity in units of NTU
Velocity - Velocity is in units of mm/sec
(note that the Turbidity and velocity sensors are mounted at between 100 and 400 mm above the depth sensor).
Rain – rainfall in millimetres during period between current timestamp and previous timestamp
PhotoCnt – site photo count value associated with timestamp
BottleNo – Bottle number associated with ISCO sampler
EventNo – Event number associated with sample
SampleNo – Sample Number as submitted to Lab.
Lab Results – headings are self-explanatory
TSS = Total Suspended Sediment

Column headings used in Particle_size sptreadsheet:
Year – Wet season over which particle size sample was collected
Event - indicator to allow for differentiation between events
Site – site at whch samples awas collected (codes below)
Date – sample collection date
Sample number
TSS – Total Suspended Sediment recorded in Stream data at sample timestamp

本数据集包含项目沟壑监测点在2016-2017、2017-2018及2018-2019三个报告湿季采集的水质监测数据。

本元数据中呈现的数据属于更大数据集的一部分，需结合项目背景进行解读。如需了解项目详细信息，请查阅其父级元数据记录：《大堡礁（GBR）牧场区沟壑修复对下游水质与农业生产的示范与评估》（NESP TWQ 2.1.4，澳大利亚联邦科学与工业研究组织（CSIRO））。

本监测点的监测工作作为NESP TWQ项目5.9的一部分仍在持续进行。本数据集的后续时间扩展内容将通过本记录进行关联。

监测方法：
本项目水质采样流程的详细说明参见Baker等人（2016）的研究。

各治理沟壑均安装了自动监测站（详见关键监测点说明）。该监测站可在产流事件期间以1分钟的间隔记录降雨量、水位高度、浊度与水温。站内搭载ISCO自动采样器，可根据设定的时间间隔在流量过程线上采集1升水样（水样处理流程详见下文）。治理沟壑点位还安装了摄像头，用于在产流事件期间拍摄现场照片。

各对照点均安装了结构更简易的三脚架式监测站，可监测降雨量、水位高度与浊度。每次可抵达的产流事件结束后，采用塑料管取样架手动采集混合水质水样。治理与对照点位的数据均通过遥测通信实现远程调取。

2017年，各点位均在浊度传感器上方安装了Unidata Starflow QSD超声多普勒流速仪。该传感器通过发射与接收的超声波信号之间的多普勒频移，测量水体中颗粒物或气泡的流速（默认其流速与水体流速一致）。传感器朝向下游安装，以减少颗粒物对传感器探头的冲刷损坏以及沉积物附着对测量的影响。该传感器需从出厂默认配置进行重新调校，方可在沟壑系统中采集有效数据。

本项目水质采样流程的详细说明参见Baker等人（2016）的研究。简言之，当产流事件触发自动采样器后，工作人员将回收ISCO采样瓶：若采样在产流事件发生后24小时内完成，则将水样过滤后冷冻保存。这批水样将在汤斯维尔的詹姆斯·库克大学（JCU）TropWater实验室开展总悬浮沉积物（Total Suspended Sediment, TSS）及全套营养盐指标检测，包括总氮、总溶解氮、氨氮（NH3）、硝态氮（NOx）、总磷、总溶解磷及可溶性活性磷（FRP）。若采样时间距产流事件超过24小时，则仅检测TSS指标。部分采集的水样还将被送至实验室开展粒度分析，检测使用马尔文 Mastersizer 激光衍射粒度分析仪，其镜头测量范围为0.02–2000微米（µm）。

监测器采集的遥测数据将被传输至文件服务器，随后经提取、校验后与实验室检测结果在Microsoft Excel（MS Excel）中整合。本数据集收录的文件为各点位所有水质与降雨量数据的最终整合版本。

所有点位均建立了TSS、总氮（Total Nitrogen, TN）样品浓度与同步浊度数据之间的线性关系（详见表6）。当出现以下情况时，将不使用浊度数据：（1）仪器超出校准阈值；（2）浊度传感器因损坏或故障导致读数异常；或传感器被泥沙掩埋。

数据格式：
本数据集包含5个压缩包（每个对应一组配对沟壑监测点），压缩包以其所在的地块名称命名。每个压缩包内含6个MS Excel工作表，分别存储治理与对照沟壑点位3年的水质监测与降雨量数据。MS Excel工作表包含以下标签页：
- 说明
- 降雨量
- 径流数据（时间戳、水深、浊度、降雨量、照片计数、流速）
- 采样数据（时间戳、采样瓶编号、事件编号、样品编号、水深、浊度）
- 实验室检测结果（与采样数据整合）
- 全年径流与采样数据图表及报告
- 单次产流事件径流与采样数据图表

每个压缩包还额外包含一个名为"WQ_QA_vs_Turb_.xlsx"的Excel工作表，其中“对照”与“治理”两个标签页汇总了所有年份的水质实验室检测结果，并对每个样品的质量（Quality_code，质量编码）进行了评估。其余标签页则展示了后续建立的浊度-TSS与浊度-总氮关系模型，用于径流量与污染负荷估算。

除上述5个压缩包外，本数据集还包含一个汇总所有点位粒度测量结果的工作表："NESP_particle size_summary_all_sites.xlsx"。

数据字典：
水质监测Excel工作表的列标题说明如下：
- 时间戳：采用澳大利亚东部标准时间（AEST，+10GMT）
- 水深：水深传感器安装时与沟壑床面齐平，该字段为水深传感器上方的水流深度，单位为毫米（mm）
- 浊度：单位为散射浊度单位（NTU）
- 流速：单位为毫米每秒（mm/s）
（注：浊度与流速传感器安装于水深传感器上方100~400毫米处。）
- 降雨量：当前时间戳与前一时间戳间隔内的降雨量，单位为毫米（mm）
- 照片计数：与该时间戳对应的现场照片拍摄数量
- 采样瓶编号：与ISCO自动采样器对应的采样瓶编号
- 事件编号：与该样品对应的产流事件编号
- 样品编号：提交至实验室的样品编号
- 实验室检测结果：列标题含义自明
- TSS：总悬浮沉积物（Total Suspended Sediment）

粒度分析工作表的列标题说明如下：
- 年份：粒度样品采集所在的湿季
- 事件：用于区分不同产流事件的标识
- 点位：样品采集的点位（点位编码见下文）
- 日期：样品采集日期
- 样品编号
- TSS：采样时间戳对应的径流数据中记录的总悬浮沉积物浓度