Clinical profiles of all study participants and characteristics of collected data.

Handedness, performance IQ (PIQ) and verbal IQ (VIQ) were assessed prior to participation. The characteristics of the word stimuli are shown in the final three columns (Length: number of words in the passage; Duration: length of time needed to produce the passage in the overt condition; Speed: display rate of word stimuli). All participants were right-handed with seizure foci on the left hemisphere. All electrode grids were implanted on the left hemisphere and the number of electrodes reported include only those that were not excluded due to artifacts. The number and placement of electrodes were determined according to clinical needs with no consideration for this study.