North Queensland banana farm survey

This data was collected to understand the variability in soil characteristics and foliar nutrition on banana farms in North Queensland. Sampling locations were chosen to maximize the variability of soil characteristics as well as geographic distribution within the North Queensland banana growing region. Sampling locations coordinate resolution has been reduced to protect farmer identities, however higher resolution sampling locations are available on request, subject to landowner permission.

A total of 28 sampling locations were selected on soil map units representing >94% of banana production in North Queensland, and >88% of that in Australia. Geographic data sets were obtained from the Queensland Government spatial catalogue and analysed in ArcGIS version 10.3.1. The area under banana production was obtained from the “Commercial banana production areas for Panama disease tropical race 4 program - North Queensland” data set and soil types were obtained from the “Soil and agricultural land suitability series” data set. Maps of banana production and soil types were not available for the two northernmost sites (25 and 26) in the Lakeland agricultural region, but soil types chosen were representative of banana growing conditions in the region. For the purposes of analysis the Lakeland locations have been allocated to the “Mareeba” sub-region, to which they are geographically and climatically most similar. Soil survey layers were clipped to banana growing areas, merged to a single layer and subdivided based on primary soil type. Soil types were ranked by total area used for banana cultivation in this region and those comprising >0.4% of the area were sampled. Three classifications were excluded; “Stream Channel” as it is based on proximity to streams rather than soil characteristics, and “Jarra” and “Dingo” soil types due to their small area and restricted access at the time of sampling due to presence of Fusarium wilt of banana Tropical Race 4.

Composite soil samples, each comprised of 12 samples, were taken at each location in February-April 2017. Each sampling area was 20 m long and 4 rows (approximately 35 m) wide. Sampling areas were restricted to fields in which Cavendish bananas (Musa AAA) had been grown continuously for at least two years. At each site the samples were combined, homogenized and subsampled. Soil samples were taken 0.4 m from in front of the leading banana plant pseudostem, at 0.0-0.1 and 0.1-0.25 m depths. Plants sampled were mature, but not flowering or bunched. Banana foliar samples were taken from the banana plant associated with each soil sample. Foliar samples were a 0.20-m wide strip from the centre of the third completely emerged leaf, from each side to the midrib. Samples were rinsed with deionised water, the 12 individual samples were composited and the sample was stored at 4℃ until drying.

Chemical analyses were carried out by Nutrient Advantage Laboratory, Werribee, Victoria. Analysis included (with method codes from Rayment and Lyons (2011)): active carbon 6E1; ammonium and nitrate nitrogen 7C2b; chloride (1:5 water) 5A2b; boron 12C2; electrical conductivity (1:5 water) 3A1; electrical conductivity (saturated paste) 14B1; exchangeable aluminium (1M KCl) 15G1; exchangeable cations (calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium) (1M ammonium acetate) 15D3; exchangeable cations (calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium) (1M BaCl2/NH4Cl, Gillman and Sumpter) 15E1; molybdenum (hot CaCl2) 12E1; organic carbon (Walkley and Black) 6A1; pH (1:5 water) 4A1; pH (1:5 CaCl2) 4B2; phosphorus buffer index 9I2b; phosphorus (BSES, H2SO4); phosphorus (Colwell) 9B2; potassium (Colwell) 18A1; silicon (BSES, H2SO4) 13D1; silicon (CaCl2) (Haysom and Chapman, 1975); sulphur (MCP) 10B3; total nitrogen (combustion) 7A5; total carbon (combustion) 6B2b; total (acid digest) phosphorus, aluminium, cadmium, calcium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, nickel, potassium, sodium, sulphur, zinc 17B1; DTPA trace copper, iron, manganese, zinc, nickel 12A1 and sand, silt and clay (Gee and Or, 2002). Water holding capacity of each soil was determined using a 1-bar ceramic pressure plate with -10 kPa pressure applied to a blended, dried sample. After equilibration on the pressure plate, soils were weighed, dried for 24 hours at 105°C and reweighed, to determine water content.

Soil mineralogy was analysed by CSIRO Land and Water, Urrbrae, South Australia. Due to possible dehydration of the montmorillonite (smectite) interlayer samples were dispersed in 0.25 M calcium chloride, centrifuged at 5150 x g (Eppendorf Centrifuge 5810, Australia) for 10 minutes, calcium saturated again, washed with water then ethanol (centrifuging between each step) and oven dried at 60℃. XRD patterns were recorded with a PANalytical X'Pert Pro Multi-purpose Diffractometer using Fe filtered Co Kα radiation, automatic divergence slit, 2° anti-scatter slit and fast X'Celerator Si strip detector. The diffraction patterns were recorded from 3 to 80° in steps of 0.017° 2 theta with a 0.5 second counting time per step for an overall counting time of approximately 35 minutes.

Qualitative analysis was performed on the XRD data using in-house XPLOT and HighScore Plus (from PANalytical) search/match software. Quantitative analysis was performed on the XRD data using the commercial package SIROQUANT from Sietronics Pty Ltd. Results are presented as a percentage of soil, as opposed to a percentage of the clay fraction alone.

Each soil map unit was additionally assigned to the relevant ASC Suborder and Order based on a representative profile from surveys. Where a survey was published prior to ASC, the soil was classified as well as possible using the representative profile data and other information in the report.

Foliar samples were dried at 70℃, ground to a fine powder and analysed by Nutrient Advantage Laboratory, Werribee, Victoria for calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, sulphur, boron, copper, iron, manganese and zinc using a nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide digest followed by analysis with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Ammonia, nitrate and chloride were extracted in a 1: 125 water extract and analysed by flow injection analysis (Kalra, 1997). Total nitrogen was analysed by combustion (Kalra, 1997). Two elemental ratios commonly used in diagnosis of nutrient deficiencies, N/P and N/K, were also included as variables.

Software/equipment used to create/collect the data: ArcGIS version 10.3.1 (Windows)

Software/equipment used to manipulate/analyse the data: Microsoft excel

本数据集采集的目的是探究昆士兰州北部香蕉种植园的土壤特性与叶片营养变异情况。采样点位的选取旨在最大化覆盖昆士兰州北部香蕉种植区内的土壤特性变异与地理分布跨度。为保护种植户身份信息，采样点位的坐标分辨率已做降格处理；若获得土地所有者许可，可应要求提供高分辨率采样点位数据。

共计选取28个采样点位，其对应的土壤图单元覆盖了昆士兰州北部超过94%的香蕉种植面积，以及澳大利亚全国超过88%的香蕉种植面积。地理数据集源自昆士兰州政府空间目录，并通过ArcGIS 10.3.1版本进行分析。香蕉种植区域数据取自"Commercial banana production areas for Panama disease tropical race 4 program - North Queensland"数据集，土壤类型数据则取自"Soil and agricultural land suitability series"数据集。莱克兰农业区内最北端的2个点位（编号25与26）未获取到香蕉种植区与土壤类型的相关地图，但所选土壤类型可代表该区域的香蕉种植立地条件。为便于分析，莱克兰区域的采样点位被划归至地理与气候特征最为相似的“马里巴”亚区。

将土壤调查图层裁剪至香蕉种植区域，合并为单一图层后，依据主要土壤类型进行细分。本研究依据该区域香蕉种植总面积对土壤类型进行排序，仅对占比超过0.4%的土壤类型开展采样。共排除3类土壤：一是“河道（Stream Channel）”，因其分类依据为距溪流的远近而非土壤特性；二是“贾拉（Jarra）”与“丁戈（Dingo）”土壤类型，因其种植面积过小，且采样期间因香蕉巴拿马病热带4号小种的存在而无法进入采样区域。

复合土壤样品每份由12个单样组成，于2017年2月至4月间在各点位采集。每个采样区域长20米、宽4行（约35米），且仅选取连续种植卡文迪什香蕉（Musa AAA）达两年以上的田块。在每个采样点，将采集的样品混合、均质化后进行分样。土壤样品采集于领先香蕉植株假茎前方0.4米处，分0.0-0.1米与0.1-0.25米两层采集。所选植株均处于成熟阶段，但未进入开花或挂果期。

与每个土壤样品对应的香蕉植株采集叶片营养样品：从第三片完全展开叶的中部截取0.20米宽的条带，覆盖叶片两侧至中脉。样品经去离子水冲洗后，将12个单样混合为复合样品，于4℃下保存直至干燥。

化学分析由维多利亚州韦里比的Nutrient Advantage实验室完成，分析项目及对应的Rayment和Lyons (2011)方法编码如下：活性碳（6E1）、铵态与硝态氮（7C2b）、氯离子（1:5水提取，5A2b）、硼（12C2）、电导率（1:5水提取，3A1）、电导率（饱和湿土糊状物，14B1）、交换性铝（1M KCl提取，15G1）、交换性阳离子（钙、镁、钾、钠，1M乙酸铵提取，15D3）、交换性阳离子（钙、镁、钾、钠，1M BaCl2/NH4Cl提取，Gillman与Sumpter法，15E1）、钼（热CaCl2提取，12E1）、有机碳（Walkley与Black法，6A1）、pH值（1:5水提取，4A1）、pH值（1:5 CaCl2提取，4B2）、磷缓冲指数（9I2b）、磷（BSES法，H2SO4提取）、磷（Colwell法，9B2）、钾（Colwell法，18A1）、硅（BSES法，H2SO4提取，13D1）、硅（CaCl2提取，Haysom与Chapman，1975）、硫（MCP提取，10B3）、总氮（燃烧法，7A5）、总碳（燃烧法，6B2b）、全量（酸消解）磷、铝、镉、钙、铬、铜、铁、铅、镁、锰、镍、钾、钠、硫、锌（17B1）、DTPA提取态微量元素铜、铁、锰、锌、镍（12A1），以及砂粒、粉粒与黏粒含量（Gee与Or，2002）。

采用1巴陶瓷压力板装置对每份土壤的持水能力进行测定：向混合均匀的干燥土样施加-10 kPa压力，待平衡后称重，随后在105℃下干燥24小时并再次称重，以此计算土壤含水量。

土壤矿物学分析由南澳大利亚州乌布拉的澳大利亚联邦科学与工业研究组织（CSIRO）土地与水部门完成。鉴于蒙脱石（smectite）层间可能发生脱水，样品需经如下前处理：分散于0.25 M氯化钙溶液中，以5150×g离心10分钟（使用澳大利亚产艾本德（Eppendorf）Centrifuge 5810离心机），再次用氯化钙饱和，用水与乙醇依次洗涤（每步操作间均进行离心），最后于60℃烘箱烘干。X射线衍射（XRD）图谱采用帕纳科（PANalytical）X'Pert Pro多用途衍射仪采集，使用Fe过滤的Co Kα辐射，配备自动发散狭缝、2°防散射狭缝与快速X'Celerator Si条带探测器。衍射图谱采集范围为3~80° 2θ，步长0.017°，每步计数时间0.5秒，总计数时长约35分钟。

XRD数据的定性分析采用自研XPLOT软件与帕纳科（PANalytical）公司的HighScore Plus搜索匹配软件完成；定量分析则采用Sietronics Pty Ltd公司的商业化软件SIROQUANT完成。结果以占土壤总质量的百分比形式呈现，而非仅占黏粒组分的百分比。

每个土壤图单元依据代表性剖面，额外划归至相应的澳大利亚土壤分类（Australian Soil Classification，ASC）亚纲与土纲。若某土壤调查在ASC分类体系发布前已发表，则依据代表性剖面数据与报告中的其他信息尽可能完成分类。

叶片样品经70℃干燥后研磨为细粉，由维多利亚州韦里比的Nutrient Advantage实验室完成分析：采用硝酸-过氧化氢消解，通过电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱（ICP-AES）测定钙、镁、磷、钾、钠、硫、硼、铜、铁、锰与锌含量；采用1:125水提取法提取氨、硝态氮与氯离子，通过流动注射分析法测定（Kalra，1997）；总氮采用燃烧法测定（Kalra，1997）。此外，本研究还纳入了作物营养缺素诊断中常用的两个元素比值变量：N/P与N/K。

本数据集采集/制作所用软件与设备：ArcGIS 10.3.1版本（Windows系统）
本数据集处理/分析所用软件：Microsoft Excel