Data from: No release for the wicked: enemy release is dynamic and not associated with invasiveness

The enemy release hypothesis predicts that invasive species will receive less damage from enemies, compared to co-occurring native and noninvasive exotic species in their introduced range. However, release operating early in invasion could be lost over time and with increased range size as introduced species acquire new enemies. We used three years of data, from 61 plant species planted into common gardens, to determine whether (1) invasive, noninvasive exotic, and native species experience differential damage from insect herbivores and mammalian browsers, and (2) enemy release is lost with increased residence time and geographic spread in the introduced range. We find no evidence suggesting enemy release is a general mechanism contributing to invasiveness in this region. Invasive species received the most insect herbivory, and damage increased with longer residence times and larger range sizes at three spatial scales. Our results show that invasive and exotic species fail to escape enemies, particularly over longer temporal and larger spatial scales.敌人释放假说（Enemy Release Hypothesis）预测，在其入侵分布区内，相较于同域分布的本土物种与非入侵外来物种，入侵物种受到的天敌损害会更少。然而，在入侵早期发挥作用的天敌释放效应，可能会随着时间推移以及分布范围扩大，因入侵物种获得新的天敌而逐渐丧失。我们依托61种植物在同质园（common gardens）中种植的三年观测数据，旨在解答两个核心问题：其一，入侵物种、非入侵外来物种与本土物种在遭受昆虫植食者与哺乳动物啃食者的损害程度上是否存在差异；其二，天敌释放效应是否会随着入侵物种在引入区域内的定居时间延长与地理分布范围扩张而逐渐消失。研究结果未发现能够证明天敌释放是该区域内促进物种入侵的通用机制的证据。相反，入侵物种受到的昆虫植食损害最为严重，且在三个空间尺度下，该损害程度均随定居时间延长与分布范围扩大而升高。我们的研究结果表明，入侵物种与外来物种并未能逃脱天敌的侵扰，尤其在更长的时间尺度与更大的空间尺度下，这一现象更为显著。