Predators feeding on cardiotonic steroid-defended prey. from Defence mitigation by predators of chemically defended prey integrated over the predation sequence and across biological levels with a focus on cardiotonic steroids

Published records of predators feeding on cardiotonic steroid-defended prey. Our database was compiled using search strings in Google Scholar and the natural history notes from herpetological reviews which do not always appear in Google Scholar. Search strings included one or more of the following terms: toad, Bufo, bufonidae, milkweed, Danaus, monarch, fireflies, diet, cardiac glycoside, cardenolide, bufadienolide, Lampyridae, predation and predator names accumulated along the way. As taxonomic designations have changed repeatedly, especially among bufonidae ‘true toads’, it was also necessary to work backwards and forwards from review articles and field guides which had citations using previous versions of species names. Only the current species names, reconciled from GBIF, were used for the final list. Most of the records we found were of predators that feed on toads, which include mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, invertebrates and reptiles.