The Bladder Tumor Microbiome May Augment Response to Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) in Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer

Background: Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is standard of care for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). The effect of the bladder microbiome on response to BCG is unclear.Conclusion: A compositional difference exists in the tumor microbiome of BCG responders and non-responders. L. crispatus might improve BCG uptake by cancer cells.