Right-wing Authoritarianism, Left-wing Authoritarianism, and pandemic-mitigation authoritarianism

Data ReadMe: "Right-Wing Authoritarianism, Left-Wing Authoritarianism, and Pandemic-Mitigation Authoritarianism" final_dataset: 1 = cases remaining after excluding those lacking ZIP codes, genders other than male or female, and one case with a reported age of 2. 0 = excluded cases. afr_am: 1 = yes income_reduced: 7-point scale, anchored by "strongly disagree" and "strongly agree": My income is being reduced by following social distancing restrictions [Note: To protect participants' confidentiality, county COVID rate is not included in this file. Researchers may request these rates, and the names of counties, by contacting the author] The remaining items were responded to on a 7-point scale anchored by "strongly disagree" and "strongly agree." con_1_r: It’s great that many young people today are prepared to defy authority (reversed) con_2: What our country needs most is discipline, with everyone following our leaders in unity con_3_r: Students at high schools and at university must be encouraged to challenge, criticize, and confront established authorities (reversed) con_4: Obedience and respect for authority are the most important virtues children should learn. con_5: Our country will be great if we show respect for authority and obey our leaders. con_6_r: People should be ready to protest against and challenge laws they don’t agree with (reversed). trad_1_r: Nobody should stick to the “straight and narrow.” Instead people should break loose and try out lots of different ideas and experiences (reversed) trad_2: The “old-fashioned ways” and “old-fashioned values” still show the best way to live trad_3: God’s laws about abortion, pornography, and marriage must be strictly followed before it is too late trad_4_r: There is absolutely nothing wrong with nudist camps (reversed) trad_5: This country will flourish if young people stop experimenting with drugs, alcohol, and sex, and pay more attention to family values trad_6_r: There is nothing wrong with premarital sexual intercourse (reversed) auth_1_r: Strong, tough government will harm not help our country (reversed) auth_2: Being kind to loafers or criminals will only encourage them to take advantage of your weakness, so it’s best to use a firm, tough hand when dealing with them auth_3_r: Our society does NOT need tougher government and stricter laws (reversed) auth_4: The facts on crime and the recent public disorders show we have to crack down harder on troublemakers, if we are going preserve law and order auth_5_r: Our prisons are a shocking disgrace. Criminals are unfortunate people who deserve much better care, instead of so much punishment (reversed) auth_6: The way things are going in this country, it’s going to take a lot of “strong medicine” to straighten out the troublemakers, criminals, and perverts lwa_1: Bigots must be taught to shut-up and stay in their place lwa_2: Certain elements in our society must be made to pay for the violence of their ancestors lwa_3: Colleges and universities that permit speakers with intolerant views should be publicly condemned lwa_4: I am in favor of allowing the government to shut down right-wing internet sites and blogs that promote nutty, hateful positions lwa_5: Fox News, right-wing talk radio, and other conservative media outlets should be prohibited from broadcasting their hateful views lwa_6: Getting rid of inequality is more important than protecting the so-called “right” to free speech lwa_7: I cannot imagine myself becoming friends with a political conservative lwa_8: I hate being around non-progressive people lwa_9: I hate people who are themselves hateful lwa_10: I hope that far right extremists become sterile and can never reproduce lwa_11: I would be willing to take up arms to help a left-wing revolution succeed lwa_12: I would prefer a far-left leader with absolute authority over a right-wing leader with limited power lwa_13: If I could remake society, I would put members of historically and presently marginalized groups at the top lwa_14: If you're not going to support marginalized folks, you and I can't be friends lwa_15: It is important that we destroy the West's nationalist, imperialist values lwa_16: Not to change one’s behavior to accommodate victims of social injustice is a denial of their humanity lwa_17: One isn't closed-minded for hating people who are themselves closed-minded lwa_18:. Opposition to affirmative action is, by definition, racist lwa_19: People who are prejudiced against transgender folks are all evil lwa_20: Political correctness does not hinder free speech - it expands it lwa_21: The only good racist is a dead racist lwa_22: When we spend all of our time protecting the right to “free speech” we're protecting the rights of sexists, racists, and homophobes at the cost of marginalized people rep_police: I would report it to the police if I saw someone violating social distancing rules persuasion: overnment policies to reduce the spread of COVID-19 should rely more on persuasion than on enforcing rules about social distancing need_punishment: People can't be trusted to follow social distancing guidelines unless they are threatened with punishment certif_immunity: I support the idea of an official federal government certificate that would be issued to people with proven immunity to COVID-19 mandatory_app: I support the idea of requiring all smartphones to run an app that tracks a person's movements and notifies them when they are near a person infected with COVID-19 For as long as the COVID-19 pandemic continues... follow_distance_orders: ...Americans need to follow government orders about social distancing, even if they disagree with them prohibit_misinformtn: …governments should have the power to prohibit the spread of misinformation about COVID-19 that could endanger people if it were widely believed. surveill_churches: …government officials should put churches under surveillance to make sure that they're not holding services that violate social distancing rules restrict_protests: …the constitutional right to protest against government actions should be restricted ban_firearms: …sales of firearms should be banned. ban_nonessentials: …sales of non-essential goods should be banned close_abortion_clinics: …abortion clinics should be closed govt_run_economy: …governments will need to run the economy by deciding what goods are to be produced, and in what quantities no_jury_trial: …illegal activities that increase the spread of the virus should be punished directly by government officials, without the right to trial by jury executive_rule: …heads of national, state, and local governments should be able to order new restrictions on activities that could spread the virus, without needing to consult legislative bodies (such as Congress or state legislatures) extra_punishment: …crimes that take advantage of the pandemic (like stealing masks) should be punished much more severely than the same crimes when committed under normal conditions authority_to_experts: …public health experts should be given more authority than elected politicians mandatory_testing: …public health authorities should test people for the virus, even if they don't want to be tested, to obtain data that the authorities have decided they need to get the pandemic under control ban_foreigners: …citizens of foreign countries should be banned from entering the United States STATA Code for "Right-Wing Authoritarianism, Left-Wing Authoritarianism, and Pandemic-Mitigation Authoritarianism." Example of Imputation: The Conservatism scale of the ACT Scales. Using only cases for which final_dataset==1. mi set mlong . mi register imputed con_1_r con_2 con_3_r con_5 con_6_r (8 m=0 obs. now marked as incomplete) . mi register regular con_4 . mi impute chained (regress) con_1_2r con_2 con_3_r con_5 con_6_r = con_4, add(20) The mean value of 20 imputations was substituted for each missing value. Following imputation: Each of the ACT scales was scored as the mean score across its six items. RWA was scored as the mean score across the three ACT scales. LWA was scored as the mean score across the 22 LWA Index items. Example of hierarchical regression analysis: hireg rep_police (incm_reduced t_covid gender age afr_am) (lwa rwa) if final_dataset==1, r(beta) Here, t_covid is the zero-skewness log transform of county COVID-19 rate (cases per 100,000 residents)数据集说明："右翼威权主义（Right-Wing Authoritarianism, RWA）、左翼威权主义（Left-Wing Authoritarianism, LWA）与疫情防控威权主义"最终数据集 ### 样本筛选说明 final_dataset=1：表示排除了缺少邮政编码、性别非男/女，以及1例报告年龄为2岁的样本后剩余的有效案例；final_dataset=0：表示被排除的样本。 afr_am：取值为1时表示"是"。 income_reduced：采用7级李克特量表（Likert Scale），锚定项为"完全不同意"与"完全同意"，题项内容为："我的收入因遵守社交距离限制而减少"。【注：为保护受访者隐私，本文件未包含县域新冠感染率数据。研究者可通过联系本文作者获取该数据及县域名称】 剩余题项均采用7级李克特量表，锚定项为"完全不同意"与"完全同意"： ### 保守服从维度（Conventionalism） con_1_r：如今许多年轻人敢于挑战权威是件好事（反向计分题，reverse-coded） con_2：我们国家最需要的是纪律，所有人团结跟随领导者 con_3_r：应鼓励中小学和大学生挑战、批判并对抗既定权威（反向计分题） con_4：服从与尊重权威是儿童应学习的最重要美德 con_5：若我们尊重权威、服从领导，国家将变得强大 con_6_r：人们应敢于抗议并挑战他们不认同的法律（反向计分题） ### 传统价值观维度（Tradition） trad_1_r：没人应该固守"循规蹈矩"，相反人们应挣脱束缚，尝试多样的想法与经历（反向计分题） trad_2："传统方式"与"传统价值观"仍是最优的生活指引 trad_3：必须尽早严格遵守上帝关于堕胎、色情与婚姻的律法 trad_4_r：裸体主义营地完全没有问题（反向计分题） trad_5：若年轻人不再尝试毒品、酒精与性行为，更多关注家庭价值观，国家将繁荣发展 trad_6_r：婚前性行为完全没有问题（反向计分题） ### 右翼威权主义维度（Authoritarianism） auth_1_r：强大、强硬的政府对国家有害而非有益（反向计分题） auth_2：对懒汉或罪犯仁慈只会助长他们利用你的弱点，因此应对他们采取强硬手段 auth_3_r：我们的社会不需要更严苛的政府与更严格的法律（反向计分题） auth_4：犯罪事实与近期的公共骚乱表明，若要维护法律与秩序，我们必须对闹事者采取更严厉的打击措施 auth_5_r：我们的监狱状况令人震惊地可耻。罪犯是不幸的人，理应得到更好的对待，而非如此多的惩罚（反向计分题） auth_6：照目前这个国家的情况来看，要整顿闹事者、罪犯与变态者，需要大量的"猛药" ### 左翼威权主义量表（LWA Index，共22题） lwa_1：必须教导偏执者闭嘴安分守己 lwa_2：社会中的某些群体必须为其祖先的暴力行为付出代价 lwa_3：允许持有偏执观点的演讲者进行演讲的高校应受到公开谴责 lwa_4：我支持允许政府关闭宣扬疯狂、仇恨观点的右翼互联网网站与博客 lwa_5：福克斯新闻、右翼脱口秀电台及其他保守媒体应被禁止播出其仇恨言论 lwa_6：消除不平等比保护所谓的"言论自由权"更为重要 lwa_7：我无法想象自己会与政治保守派成为朋友 lwa_8：我讨厌与非进步人士相处 lwa_9：我憎恨那些本身充满仇恨的人 lwa_10：我希望极右翼极端主义者无法生育后代 lwa_11：我愿意拿起武器帮助左翼革命取得成功 lwa_12：我更倾向于拥有绝对权力的极左翼领导人，而非权力有限的右翼领导人 lwa_13：如果我可以重塑社会，我会让历史上和当下的边缘化群体居于顶层 lwa_14：如果你不支持边缘化群体，你我就不能成为朋友 lwa_15：摧毁西方的民族主义、帝国主义价值观至关重要 lwa_16：不为社会不公的受害者改变自身行为，就是否认他们的人性 lwa_17：憎恨本身充满偏见的人并非思想封闭 lwa_18：反对平权行动从定义上来说就是种族主义 lwa_19：所有对跨性别群体抱有偏见的人都是邪恶的 lwa_20：政治正确不会阻碍言论自由——反而会拓展言论自由 lwa_21："最好的种族主义者是死去的种族主义者" lwa_22：当我们将所有时间都用于保护"言论自由权"时，我们是以牺牲边缘化群体为代价，保护了性别歧视者、种族主义者与恐同者 ### 疫情防控态度题项 rep_police：如果我看到有人违反社交距离规定，我会向警方举报 persuasion：为减少新冠病毒（COVID-19）传播而出台的政府政策应更多依赖劝说，而非强制推行社交距离相关规定 need_punishment：除非受到惩罚的威胁，否则人们不会遵守社交距离指引 certif_immunity：我支持官方联邦政府向已证实具备新冠免疫力的人群发放免疫证明 mandatory_app：我支持要求所有智能手机安装一款可追踪个人行程，并在其与新冠感染者密切接触时发出通知的应用程序 follow_distance_orders：在新冠疫情持续期间……美国人需要遵守政府发布的社交距离规定，即便他们不同意这些规定 prohibit_misinformtn：……政府应有权禁止传播可能因广泛流传而危及公众的新冠疫情虚假信息 surveill_churches：……政府官员应监督教堂，确保其未举办违反社交距离规定的礼拜活动 restrict_protests：……应限制以宪法名义抗议政府行为的权利 ban_firearms：……应禁止枪支销售 ban_nonessentials：……应禁止非必需商品的销售 close_abortion_clinics：……应关闭堕胎诊所 govt_run_economy：……政府将需要通过决定生产何种商品及其产量来管控经济 no_jury_trial：……任何增加病毒传播的非法活动，应由政府官员直接处罚，无需陪审团审判的权利 executive_rule：……国家、州与地方政府的行政首长有权下令实施新的限制措施以遏制病毒传播，无需咨询立法机构（如美国国会或州议会） extra_punishment：……利用疫情实施的犯罪（如盗窃口罩）应比正常情况下同类犯罪受到更严厉的处罚 authority_to_experts：……公共卫生专家应比民选政客拥有更多的权力 mandatory_testing：……公共卫生当局应主动为民众进行病毒检测，即便民众不愿接受检测，以获取当局认为控制疫情所需的数据 ban_foreigners：……应禁止外国公民进入美国 ### Stata分析代码 #### 缺失值插补示例：ACT量表的保守主义维度 仅对final_dataset=1的样本进行分析： stata mi set mlong mi register imputed con_1_r con_2 con_3_r con_5 con_6_r // 8个m=0的观测值被标记为缺失值 mi register regular con_4 mi impute chained (regress) con_1_r con_2 con_3_r con_5 con_6_r = con_4, add(20) 将20次插补的均值替换每个缺失值。插补完成后，每个ACT量表的得分为其包含的6个题项的均值；右翼威权主义（RWA）得分为3个ACT子量表得分的均值；左翼威权主义（LWA）得分为22个LWA指数题项得分的均值。 #### 分层回归分析示例： stata hireg rep_police (incm_reduced t_covid gender age afr_am) (lwa rwa) if final_dataset==1, r(beta) 其中，t_covid为县域新冠感染率（每10万居民中的病例数）的零偏斜对数变换值。