Macroimmunology: the drivers and consequences of spatial patterns in wildlife immune defense

1. Spatial variation in parasite pressure, abiotic and biotic conditions, and anthropogenic factors can all shape immune phenotypes across spatial scales. Identifying the most important spatial drivers of immunity could help preempt infectious disease risks, especially in the context of how large-scale factors such as urbanization affect defense by changing environmental conditions. 2. We provide a synthesis of how to apply macroecological approaches to the study of ecoimmunology (i.e., macroimmunology). We first review spatial factors that could generate spatial variation in defense, highlighting the need for large-scale studies that can differentiate competing environmental predictors of immunity and detailing contexts where this approach might be favored over small-scale experimental studies. We next conduct a systematic review of the literature to assess the frequency of spatial studies and to classify them according to taxa, immune measures, spatial replication and extent, and stat...1. 寄生虫压力、非生物与生物环境条件以及人为活动因子的空间变异，均可在不同空间尺度上塑造免疫表型（immune phenotypes）。明确影响免疫功能的核心空间驱动因子，有助于提前防控传染病风险，尤其在城市化等大尺度因子通过改变环境条件调控宿主免疫防御的研究背景下。 2. 本研究提供了一套将宏生态学（macroecology）研究方法应用于生态免疫学（ecoimmunology，即宏免疫学（macroimmunology））的综合研究范式。首先梳理了可引发免疫防御空间变异的各类空间因子，强调需开展大尺度研究以区分影响免疫功能的各类竞争性环境预测因子，并详述了该研究范式相较于小型实验研究更具优势的应用场景。随后通过系统性文献综述，评估空间相关免疫研究的发表频次，并依据研究类群、免疫检测指标、空间重复设计与空间范围，以及统计（stat）方法等维度对现有研究进行分类。