¹H chemical shift and relative concentrations of metabolites observed in plasma from CKD and sham-operated groups.

Letters in parentheses denote the peak multiplicities: s, singlet; d, double; t, triplet; dd, doublet of doublet; m, multiplets and br, broad; The fold change ratio indicates the ratio of relative concentrations between CKD and sham-operated groups; Statistical analysis was performed by Mann-Whitney test and Welch's t-test to assess the statistical significance between CKD vs. sham-operated groups; *, **, *** indicate bonferroni corrected P<0.05, <0.01, and <0.001, respectively.