2016 SoE Marine Chapter - Effectiveness of Management - Shipping

The Marine chapter of the 2016 State of the Environment (SoE) report incorporates multiple expert templates developed from streams of marine data. This metadata record describes the Expert Assessment "Effectiveness of marine management of shipping". The full Expert Assessment, including figures and tables (where provided), is attached to this record. Where available, the Data Stream(s) used to generate this Expert Assessment are accessible through the "On-line Resources" section of this record.----------------------------------------DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESSURE BEING MANAGED, AND ITS IMPACTA total of 26936 ships arrived at Australian ports during 2014, 9.8% of those arrived at Port Hedland, 9.3% at Brisbane, 8.1% at Newcastle, 7.3% at Melbourne and 6.8% at Dampier. --Operational discharges--Environmental regulation of shipping is regularly reviewed and amended to strengthen environment protection and reduce the environmental impact of shipping globally through the International Maritime Organisation (IMO). Some recent amendments to international law of significance include:• MARPOL Annex V amendments which tighten the controls on discharge of garbage at sea.• Amendments to Annex VI of MARPOL which introduces technical and operational controls on greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping. --Marine invasive species--Due to a range of concerns about technical feasibility and efficacy of the available technology, the 2004 International Convention on the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments is yet to enter into force. The required entry into force criteria (ratification by 30 States, representing 35% of world tonnage) is likely to be met in 2016 which means that the convention will enter into force in 2017. The International Guidelines for the Control and Management of Ships' Biofouling to Minimize the Transfer of Invasive Aquatic Species, were adopted in 2011. While voluntary, the Guidelines provide a basis upon which to further promote a best practice approach to biofouling management for the prevention of marine pest incursions.A review of Commonwealth marine pest policy in Australian has recently been concluded which, along with the implementation of the new Biosecurity Act 2015, should lead to some advances in and a more nationally consistent approach to domestic marine pest policy and legislation relating to shipping.--Domestic shipping management--A number of significant changes have taken place since 2011 in relation to the management of shipping around the Australian coast with a view to increasing environmental protection. • Designation of the Coral Sea Particularly Sensitive Sea Area• Extension of the Great Barrier Reef compulsory pilotage area• Review of the National Plan for Maritime Environmental Emergencies• Development of the North East Shipping Management PlanDATA STREAM(S) USED IN EXPERT ASSESSMENTData contained in sectoral reports, information on national and international guidelines, protocols and the MARPOL convention. Details of the specific data sets used to generate this assessment have not been provided.2016 SOE ASSESSMENT SUMMARY [see attached Expert Assessment for full details]• Understanding of pressure: Good understanding of potential impacts.• Planning associated with management of pressure: Good level of national and international coordination to manage impacts.• Input for informing management of pressure: Strong management systems remain in place.• Processes associated with developing, monitoring, and updating management: Shipping management systems continue to provide effective protection in most areas, with some gaps relating to marine pest management.• Outputs from management framework in place: Ongoing management is needed to ensure that best practice procedures remain in place.• Outcomes of management framework in place: Shipping management needs to be adaptable to changing shipping patterns.CHANGES SINCE 2011 SOE ASSESSMENTNew guidelines have been developed, a new biosecurity act put in place, changes to sensitive sea areas and compulsory pilotage areas and a review of the National Plan for Maritime Environmental Emergencies has occurred.

2016年环境状况（State of the Environment, SoE）报告的海洋章节整合了多套基于海洋数据流构建的专家模板。本元数据记录针对“航运海洋管理成效”专家评估进行说明。完整的专家评估（含附图附表，如已提供）已随本记录一并附后。如需获取用于生成本专家评估的数据流，可通过本记录的“在线资源”板块查阅。
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待管理压力及其影响说明
2014年共有26936艘船舶抵靠澳大利亚港口，其中9.8%抵靠黑德兰港（Port Hedland）、9.3%抵靠布里斯班港、8.1%抵靠纽卡斯尔港、7.3%抵靠墨尔本港，另有6.8%抵靠丹皮尔港。
——作业性排放
国际海事组织（International Maritime Organisation, IMO）会定期审查并修订航运环境监管规则，以强化全球环境保护，降低航运活动对环境的负面影响。近期出台的重要国际法修订内容包括：
• 《国际防止船舶造成污染公约》（MARPOL）附则V修正案，该修正案收紧了海上垃圾排放管控要求。
• 《国际防止船舶造成污染公约》（MARPOL）附则VI修正案，该修正案引入了针对国际航运温室气体排放的技术与运营管控措施。
——海洋外来入侵物种
由于现有技术在可行性与有效性方面存在诸多争议，《2004年船舶压载水和沉积物控制与管理国际公约》尚未生效。该公约生效所需的法定条件（即30个国家批准，且批准国商船总吨位占全球总吨位35%）预计将于2016年达成，公约将于2017年正式生效。
2011年通过了《船舶生物附着控制与管理国际指南》，旨在最大限度减少入侵水生物种的转移。尽管该指南不具有强制约束力，但为推广船舶生物附着管理的最佳实践以防范海洋有害生物入侵提供了基础框架。
澳大利亚联邦近期已完成全国海洋有害生物政策审查工作，结合新出台的《2015年生物安全法》实施，将推动国内航运相关海洋有害生物政策与立法取得进展，并实现更统一的全国性管理模式。
——国内航运管理
自2011年以来，为强化沿岸环境保护，澳大利亚沿海水域航运管理已发生多项重大变革：
• 珊瑚海特别敏感海域的划定
• 大堡礁强制引航区域的扩展
• 《国家海事环境应急计划》的修订
• 《东北航运管理计划》的制定

专家评估所用数据流
本评估所用数据涵盖行业部门报告内容、国内外指南与规程信息，以及《国际防止船舶造成污染公约》（MARPOL）相关内容。本次评估所使用的具体数据集细节未予公开。

2016年环境状况报告评估总结【完整详情请参阅附件中的专家评估文件】
• 压力认知：对潜在影响具备充分认知。
• 压力管理相关规划：在管理影响方面已实现较高水平的国内外协调联动。
• 压力管理决策参考：仍具备健全的管理体系作为支撑。
• 管理方案制定、监测与更新相关流程：航运管理体系在多数海域仍可提供有效保护，但在海洋有害生物管理领域存在部分短板。
• 现有管理框架的产出成果：需持续开展管理工作以确保最佳实践流程得以延续。
• 现有管理框架的实施成效：航运管理模式需适配不断变化的航运格局。

2011年环境状况报告评估以来的变更
已制定全新指南、出台新的生物安全法、调整敏感海域与强制引航区域范围，并完成了《国家海事环境应急计划》的修订工作。