Dataset: Climate Trends in São Paulo and Rio Grande do Norte (1990-2024) - Temperature, Precipitation, and Solar Radiation

This dataset supports the M.Sc. thesis "Study of Temperature, Precipitation, and Solar Radiation Trends in the States of São Paulo and Rio Grande do Norte (1990–2024)", developed at the Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences of the University of São Paulo (IAG-USP).
The repository includes processed datasets, analysis outputs, and Python scripts used to perform climatological trend analysis over a 35-year period (1990-2024) for two Brazilian states with contrasting climate regimes: São Paulo (humid subtropical/tropical) and Rio Grande do Norte (semiarid).
For the Rio Grande do Norte, the repository also includes an irrigation analysis covering four irrigated perimeters in the western semiarid region (Baixo Açu, Santa Cruz do Apodi, Itans/Sabugi, and Pau dos Ferros), with daily and annual irrigated volume estimates and surface energy balance characterization.
Data sources: ERA5-Land (Temperature and ET - Evapotranspiration), CHIRPS (precipitation), CLARA-A3 and GOES-16 (solar radiation), INMET and ANA ground stations (validation), MapBiomas Collection 9 (land use and land cover), GLDAS-2.1/Noah (actual evapotranspiration and surface energy balance fluxes: LE, H, Rn, G), and IMERG Final Run V06 (daily precipitation for irrigation water balance).
Methods: Cross-validation via Orthogonal Distance Regression (ODR); seasonal climatological normals (1990–2024); Mann-Kendall trend test; Sen's slope estimator; spatial trend mapping; land cover change analysis; linear regression between land surface cover fractions and climate variables; daily irrigation water balance; and surface energy balance analysis, with correlation between irrigated volume and latent and sensible heat fluxes.