Alkaloids from Evodia rutaecarpa Inhibit the Occurrence and Development of Gallbladder Cancer In Vivo and In Vitro

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) poses a significant health burden with dismal prognosis due to frequent metastasis and recurrence. Although evodiamine has demonstrated potent inhibitory effects on proliferation and metastasis in various cancers, its role in GBC remains unexplored, and the underlying mechanisms are yet to be elucidated. Overall design: :The inhibitory effects of evodiamine on GBC cells were evaluated in vitro using a cell viability assay. Cell migration capacity was assessed via wound healing and Transwell assays. Apoptosis and cell cycle distribution were analyzed by flow cytometry and Western blotting (WB). The molecular mechanisms were investigated using Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and WB to quantify ZEB1 gene expression. In vivo, the anti-tumor activity of evodiamine was verified in a nude mouse model.