Soil: Temperature Data - Leakin 2- Water year 2000-2011

Baltimore Ecosystem Study Long-Term Study Plot Soil Metadata Participants Peter Groffman, Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies Richard V. Pouyat, U.S. Forest Service Introduction The Baltimore Ecosystem Study (BES) has established a network of long-term permanent biogeochemical study plots. These plots will provide long-term data on vegetation, soil and hydrologic processes in the key ecosystem types within the urban ecosystem. The current network of study plots includes eight forest plots, chosen to represent the range of forest conditions in the area, and four grass plots. These plots are complemented by a network of 200 less intensive study plots located across the Baltimore metropolitan area. See Baltimore's Vegetation Structure And Its Ability To Remove Air Pollutants And Sequester Carbon Dioxide, online: http://beslter.org/frame4-page_3b_02.html . Plots are currently instrumented with lysimeters (drainage and tension) to sample soil solution chemistry, time domain reflectometry probes to measure soil moisture, dataloggers to measure and record soil temperature and trace gas flux chambers to measure the flux of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane from soil to the atmosphere. Measurements of in situ nitrogen mineralization, nitrification and denitrification were made at approximately monthly intervals from Fall 1998 - Fall 2000. Detailed vegetation characterization (all layers) was done in summer 1998. Data from these plots has been published in Groffman et al. (2006, 2009), Groffman and Pouyat (2009) and Savva et al. (2010). Plot Locations and Characterizations In November of 1998 four rural, forested plots were established at Oregon Ridge Park in Baltimore County northeast of the Gwynns Falls Watershed. Oregon Ridge Park contains Pond Branch, the forested reference watershed for BES. Two of these four plots are located on the top of a slope; the other two are located midway up the slope. In June of 2010 measurements at the mid-slope sites on Pond Branch were discontinued. Monuments and equipment remain at the two plots. These plots were replaced with two lowland riparian plots; Oregon upper riparian and Oregon lower riparian. Each riparian sites has four 5 cm by 1-2.5 meter depth slotted wells laid perpendicular to the stream, four tension lysimeters at 10 cm depth, five time domain reflectometry probes, and four trace gas flux chambers in the two dominant microtopographic features of the riparian zones --- high spots (hummocks) and low spots (hollows). Four urban, forested plots were established in November 1998, two at Leakin Park and two adjacent to Hillsdale Park in west Baltimore City in the Gwynns Falls. One of the plots in Hillsdale Park was abandoned in 2004 due to continued vandalism. In May 1999 two grass, lawn plots were established at McDonogh School in Baltimore County west of the city in the Gwynns Falls. One of these plots is an extremely low intensity management area (mowed once or twice a year) and one is in a low intensity management area (frequent mowing, no fertilizer or herbicide use). In 2009, the McDonogh plots were abandoned due to management changes at the school. Two grass lawn plots were established on the campus of the University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC) in fall 2000. One of these plots is in a medium intensity management area (frequent mowing, moderate applications of fertilizer and herbicides) and one is in a high intensity management area (frequent mowing, high applications of fertilizer and herbicides). Plot locations: Hillsdale 1: 39 deg 19'28.14"N, 76 deg 42'16.49"W Hillsdale 2: 39 deg 19'31.24"N, 76 deg 42'28.62"W Leakin 1: 39 deg 18'1.32"N, 76 deg 41'37.08"W Leakin 2: 39 deg 18'5.42"N, 76 deg 41'34.15"W McDonogh 1: 39 deg 23'44.31"N, 76 deg 46'19.26"W McDonogh 2: 39 deg 23'52.26"N, 76 deg 46'23.52"W Oregon top-slope - 1: 39 deg 28'51.11"N, 76 deg 41'22.50"W Oregon mid-slope - 1: 39 deg 28'51.32"N, 76 deg 41'18.24"W Oregon top-slope - 2: 39 deg 29'12.74"N, 76 deg 41'22.88"W Oregon mid-slope - 2: 39 deg 29'12.68"N, 76 deg 41'18.62"W Oregon upper riparian: 39 deg 29'9.03"N, 76 deg 41'15.86"W Oregon lower riparian: 39 deg 28'52.06"N, 76 deg 41'15.54"W McDonogh 1: 39 deg 23'44.31"N, 76 deg 46'19.26"W McDonogh 2: 39 deg 23'52.26"N, 76 deg 46'23.52"W UMBC 1: 39 deg 15'8.82"N, 76 deg 42'10.43"W UMBC 2: 39 deg 14'6.50"N, 76 deg 42'48.71"W Soil Temperature Soil temperature is measured with HOBO H8 Pro Series Temp/External Temp data loggers from Onset Computer Corporation. One logger was installed in each plot to a depth of 10 cm. Each logger consists of an internal temperature sensor, which measures ambient air temperature at 10 cm below the surface from -30 deg C to 50 deg C, and an external temperature sensor, which measures aboveground temperature from -40 deg C to 100 deg C. Measurements are taken once every hour. Loggers are downloaded every six months either to a BoxCar shuttle or directly to a laptop computer using an interface cable. Data on the shuttle is downloaded onto a computer at the BES office at UMBC upon return from the field. Literature Cited Bowden R, Steudler P, Melillo J and Aber J. 1990. Annual nitrous oxide fluxes from temperate forest soils in the northeastern United States. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 95, 13997 14005. Driscoll CT, Fuller RD and Simone DM (1988) Longitudinal variations in trace metal concentrations in a northern forested ecosystem. J. Environ. Qual. 17: 101-107 Goldman, M. B., P. M. Groffman, R. V. Pouyat, M. J. McDonnell, and S. T. A. Pickett. 1995. CH4 uptake and N availability in forest soils along an urban to rural gradient. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 27:281-286. Groffman PM, Holland E, Myrold DD, Robertson GP and Zou X (1999) Denitrification. In: Robertson GP, Bledsoe CS, Coleman DC and Sollins P (Eds) Standard Soil Methods for Long Term Ecological Research. (pp 272-290). Oxford University Press, New York Groffman PM, Pouyat RV, Cadenasso ML, Zipperer WC, Szlavecz K, Yesilonis IC,. Band LE and Brush GS. 2006. Land use context and natural soil controls on plant community composition and soil nitrogen and carbon dynamics in urban and rural forests. Forest Ecology and Management 236:177-192. Groffman, P.M., C.O. Williams, R.V. Pouyat, L.E. Band and I.C. Yesilonis. 2009. Nitrate leaching and nitrous oxide flux in urban forests and grasslands. Journal of Environmental Quality 38:1848-1860. Groffman, P.M. and R.V. Pouyat. 2009. Methane uptake in urban forests and lawns. Environmental Science and Technology 43:5229-5235. DOI: 10.1021/es803720h. Holland EA, Boone R, Greenberg J, Groffman PM and Robertson GP (1999) Measurement of Soil CO2, N2O and CH4 exchange. In: Robertson GP, Bledsoe CS, Coleman DC and Sollins P (Eds) Standard Soil Methods for Long Term Ecological Research. (pp 258-271). Oxford University Press, New York Robertson GP, Wedin D, Groffman PM, Blair JM, Holland EA, Nadelhoffer KJ and. Harris D. 1999. Soil carbon and nitrogen availability: Nitrogen mineralization, nitrification and carbon turnover. In: Standard Soil Methods for Long Term Ecological Research (Robertson GP, Bledsoe CS, Coleman DC and Sollins P (Eds) Standard Soil Methods for Long Term Ecological Research. (pp 258-271). Oxford University Press, New York Savva, Y., K. Szlavecz, R. V. Pouyat, P. M. Groffman, and G. Heisler. 2010. Effects of land use and vegetation cover on soil temperature in an urban ecosystem. Soil Science Society of America Journal 74:469-480.### 巴尔的摩生态系统研究长期样地土壤元数据（Baltimore Ecosystem Study Long-Term Study Plot Soil Metadata） ## 参与人员 彼得·格罗夫曼（Peter Groffman），卡里生态系统研究所（Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies）；理查德·V·普亚特（Richard V. Pouyat），美国林务局（U.S. Forest Service） ## 引言 巴尔的摩生态系统研究（Baltimore Ecosystem Study, BES）已构建长期永久生物地球化学样地网络，该网络将为城市生态系统内关键生态系统类型的植被、土壤及水文过程提供长期监测数据。当前样地网络包含8个森林样地（旨在表征该区域各类森林生境）与4个草地样地，并辅以覆盖巴尔的摩大都市区的200个低密度监测样地。详见《巴尔的摩植被结构及其去除空气污染物与固碳能力》（Baltimore's Vegetation Structure And Its Ability To Remove Air Pollutants And Sequester Carbon Dioxide），在线链接：http://beslter.org/frame4-page_3b_02.html。 目前各监测样地均布设了以下设备：用于采集土壤溶液化学样品的渗漏计（lysimeters，含排水型与张力型）、用于测定土壤含水量的时域反射探头（time domain reflectometry probes）、用于测量并记录土壤温度的数据记录仪（dataloggers），以及用于监测土壤向大气排放二氧化碳、一氧化二氮与甲烷的痕量气体通量箱（trace gas flux chambers）。1998年秋季至2000年秋季期间，研究人员以约每月一次的频率开展了原位氮矿化、硝化作用与反硝化作用监测。1998年夏季完成了所有植被层的详细特征调查。本样地的相关数据已发表于Groffman等（2006、2009）、Groffman与Pouyat（2009）以及Savva等（2010）的研究中。 ## 样地位置与特征 1998年11月，在格温尼斯瀑布流域东北部巴尔的摩县的俄勒冈岭公园（Oregon Ridge Park）布设了4个乡村森林样地。该公园内的庞德支流（Pond Branch）是BES的森林参照流域。其中2个样地位于坡顶，另外2个位于坡中。2010年6月，庞德支流坡中样地的监测工作停止，但纪念标识与监测设备仍保留在该两处样地。原坡中样地已被2个河岸低地样地取代：俄勒冈上游河岸样地与俄勒冈下游河岸样地。每个河岸样地均布设了以下设备：4根垂直于溪流布设的5cm×1-2.5m深度开槽井、5个10cm深度的张力渗漏计、5台时域反射探头，以及针对河岸带两种典型微地形特征——土丘（高地处）与洼地（低洼处）——布设的4台痕量气体通量箱。 1998年11月，在巴尔的摩市西部格温尼斯瀑布流域的利金公园（Leakin Park）布设了2个城市森林样地，在希尔斯代尔公园（Hillsdale Park）附近布设了另外2个城市森林样地。2004年，希尔斯代尔公园内的1个样地因持续遭受人为破坏而被废弃。 1999年5月，在该市西部格温尼斯瀑布流域的麦克多诺学校（McDonogh School）布设了2个草地样地。其中1个为极低管理强度样地（每年修剪1-2次），另1个为低管理强度样地（定期修剪，不使用肥料与除草剂）。2009年，因学校管理政策调整，麦克多诺样地被废弃。 2000年秋季，在马里兰大学巴尔的摩分校（University of Maryland, Baltimore County, UMBC）校园内布设了2个草地样地。其中1个为中等管理强度样地（定期修剪，适量施用肥料与除草剂），另1个为高管理强度样地（定期修剪，大量施用肥料与除草剂）。 ## 样地坐标 希尔斯代尔1号：39°19'28.14"N，76°42'16.49"W 希尔斯代尔2号：39°19'31.24"N，76°42'28.62"W 利金1号：39°18'1.32"N，76°41'37.08"W 利金2号：39°18'5.42"N，76°41'34.15"W 麦克多诺1号：39°23'44.31"N，76°46'19.26"W 麦克多诺2号：39°23'52.26"N，76°46'23.52"W 俄勒冈坡顶1号：39°28'51.11"N，76°41'22.50"W 俄勒冈坡中1号：39°28'51.32"N，76°41'18.24"W 俄勒冈坡顶2号：39°29'12.74"N，76°41'22.88"W 俄勒冈坡中2号：39°29'12.68"N，76°41'18.62"W 俄勒冈上游河岸样地：39°29'9.03"N，76°41'15.86"W 俄勒冈下游河岸样地：39°28'52.06"N，76°41'15.54"W 麦克多诺1号：39°23'44.31"N，76°46'19.26"W 麦克多诺2号：39°23'52.26"N，76°46'23.52"W UMBC1号：39°15'8.82"N，76°42'10.43"W UMBC2号：39°14'6.50"N，76°42'48.71"W ## 土壤温度监测 土壤温度采用昂素计算机公司（Onset Computer Corporation）生产的HOBO H8 Pro系列温度/外接温度数据记录仪进行测定。每个样地内布设1台记录仪，安装深度为10cm。每台记录仪包含1个内置温度传感器（用于测定地表下10cm处的空气温度，量程为-30℃至50℃）与1个外接温度传感器（用于测定地上温度，量程为-40℃至100℃）。监测频率为每小时1次。数据记录仪每6个月通过BoxCar穿梭读卡器或通过接口电缆直接连接笔记本电脑下载数据。野外取回的BoxCar穿梭读卡器内的数据将被导入马里兰大学巴尔的摩分校BES办公室的计算机中。 ## 参考文献 1. Bowden R, Steudler P, Melillo J, Aber J. 1990. 美国东北部温带森林土壤的一氧化二氮年通量. 《地球物理学研究杂志：大气卷（Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres）》，95：13997-14005. 2. Driscoll CT, Fuller RD, Simone DM. 1988. 北方森林生态系统中痕量金属浓度的纵向变化. 《环境质量杂志（Journal of Environmental Quality）》，17：101-107. 3. Goldman MB, Groffman PM, Pouyat RV, McDonnell MJ, Pickett STA. 1995. 城乡梯度森林土壤的甲烷吸收与氮有效性. 《土壤生物学与生物化学（Soil Biology and Biochemistry）》，27：281-286. 4. Groffman PM, Holland E, Myrold DD, Robertson GP, Zou X. 1999. 反硝化作用. 见：Robertson GP, Bledsoe CS, Coleman DC, Sollins P（主编）. 《长期生态研究标准土壤方法（Standard Soil Methods for Long Term Ecological Research）》，第272-290页. 牛津大学出版社，纽约. 5. Groffman PM, Pouyat RV, Cadenasso ML, Zipperer WC, Szlavecz K, Yesilonis IC, Band LE, Brush GS. 2006. 城乡森林的土地利用背景与自然土壤因子对植物群落组成及土壤氮碳动态的调控. 《森林生态学与管理（Forest Ecology and Management）》，236：177-192. 6. Groffman PM, Williams CO, Pouyat RV, Band LE, Yesilonis IC. 2009. 城市森林与草地的硝酸盐淋溶与一氧化二氮通量. 《环境质量杂志（Journal of Environmental Quality）》，38：1848-1860. 7. Groffman PM, Pouyat RV. 2009. 城市森林与草坪的甲烷吸收. 《环境科学与技术（Environmental Science and Technology）》，43：5229-5235. DOI: 10.1021/es803720h. 8. Holland EA, Boone R, Greenberg J, Groffman PM, Robertson GP. 1999. 土壤CO₂、N₂O与CH₄交换的测定. 见：Robertson GP, Bledsoe CS, Coleman DC, Sollins P（主编）. 《长期生态研究标准土壤方法（Standard Soil Methods for Long Term Ecological Research）》，第258-271页. 牛津大学出版社，纽约. 9. Robertson GP, Wedin D, Groffman PM, Blair JM, Holland EA, Nadelhoffer KJ, Harris D. 1999. 土壤碳氮有效性：氮矿化、硝化作用与碳周转. 见：Robertson GP, Bledsoe CS, Coleman DC, Sollins P（主编）. 《长期生态研究标准土壤方法（Standard Soil Methods for Long Term Ecological Research）》，第258-271页. 牛津大学出版社，纽约. 10. Savva Y, Szlavecz K, Pouyat RV, Groffman PM, Heisler G. 2010. 土地利用与植被覆盖对城市生态系统土壤温度的影响. 《美国土壤学会杂志（Soil Science Society of America Journal）》，74：469-480.