Natural selection on fitness-related traits can be temporally heterogeneous among populations. As climate changes, understanding population-level responses is of scientific and practical importance. W
Variables are the total number of opening flowers/inflorescence (FO), total number of flowers including opening flowers and bracts/inflorescence (FT), number of days to flowering (Days), total branch
Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) is widely used to quantify developmental instability (DI) in ecological and evolutionary studies. It has long been recognized that FA may not exclusively originate from DI f
Phenotypic integration and developmental canalization have been hypothesized to constrain the degree of phenotypic plasticity, but little evidence exists, probably due to the lack in studies on the re
Seedling phenotypic data from two Iberian Pinus sylvestris provenances from contrasting soils (calcareous vs. siliceous) grown in a 3-year greenhouse experiment on both types of natu
