The role of propolis in modulating microbiota dynamics amidst Nosema spp. infections

Honey bees are vulnerable to numerous pathogens, parasites, and pests, with Nosema spp. posing a significant threat. The gut microbiota is crucial for their health, affecting development, metabolism, immune function, and pathogen defense. Our study examines the role of propolis in supporting honey bee microbiota, especially regarding Nosema spp. infection. In cage tests, we investigated the effects of propolis on microbiota dynamics. The results show that propolis stabilizes the microbiota and that treatments with both propolis and alcohol alter gut microbial diversity and community structure.