US hard winter wheat yield loss attributed to compound hot-dry-windy events

The influence in single, extreme climate event on crop yield loss has been verified in previous studies, while the whether the compound climate events such as combined high temperature, low relative humidity, and high wind [hereafter referred to as hot-dry-windy events (HDW)] aggravates wheat yield has not been investigated. In this study, we demonstrate the impacts of an increased number of HDW events on hard winter wheat yield in the U.S. Great Plains from 1982 to 2020. We conclude that HDW were the most influential drivers for yield loss, accounting for a 5% yield reduction per 10 hours of HDW during heading to maturity.