The temperature measurements, thermal gradients, and operating conditions of the pouch-cell battery under air, dielectric, and dielectric–TiO₂ nanofluid cooling.

This file contains the full manuscript entitled “Experimental Study on the Thermal Cooling of Pouch Cell Battery with Free Convective Air, Dielectric/Nanoparticles Mixtures Cooling Systems”. The document presents an experimental investigation of the thermal behavior of a pouch-cell lithium-ion battery under free-convective cooling conditions using air, dielectric fluid, and dielectric–TiO₂ nanofluid.

The manuscript includes detailed descriptions of the experimental setup, measurement methodology using a 12-point thermocouple array, and testing under different C-rates. It provides comprehensive results on temperature distribution, thermal gradients, and cooling performance comparisons among the different cooling media. The findings demonstrate that dielectric–nanofluid cooling significantly reduces peak temperature and improves thermal uniformity compared with conventional air and pure dielectric cooling.