Activation of NF-κB by R5 and X4 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Induces Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 1α and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha in Macrophages

NF-κB is a transcriptional activator that often regulates inflammatory responses. We demonstrate that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activates nuclear localization of NF-κB in macrophages in a manner dependent upon virus strain but independent of virus replication. Through the use of an inhibitor, NF-κB activation was found to be responsible for the cytokine and chemokine induction that we recently reported.