Correlations and Pairwise Causality Statistics between the Study Variables.

Positive value of Tkernel or Tentropy suggests that the first-mentioned variable in comparison is causal antecedent of the secondly mentioned, whereas a negative value implies the opposite. Parentheses give 95% bootstrap-percentile confidence intervals of estimates, except for ordinary correlation for which standard asymptotic theory was used. Statistically significant comparisons are highlighted with bold font.Δ6y = change over six years (from 2001 to 2007).Δ10y = change over ten years (from 2001 to 2011).Waist = Waist circumference.r = Correlation coefficient.Tkernel = DirectLiNGAM- and Kernel-based measure of pairwise causality.Tentropy = Approximate-entropy and asymptotic-likelihood –based measure of pairwise causality.