Remote Sensing and Modeling of Permafrost and Hydrology [4. Remote Sensing Data: SMMR SWE]

Scientific Personnel V. E. Romanovsky, S. S. Marchenko, R.R. Muskett Partner Organizations: Alaska Ecoscience, USA Alfred Wegener Institute, Germany Centre d'etudes Nordiques, Department de Geographie, Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada Danish Meteorological Institute, Denmark Institute of Earth Cryosphere, Russia Institute of Northern Engineering, UAF Interdisciplinary Centre on Climate Change and Department of Geography & Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Canada International Arctic Research Center, UAF International Permafrost Association, USA Melinkov Permafrost Institute, Russia Moscow Institute of Geography, Russia Academy of Sciences National Center for Atmospheric Research, USA NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, USA Scenarios Network for Alaska Planning (SNAP), UAF Stokholm University, Sweden University of Delaware, USA University of New Hampshire, USA Water Environment Research Center, UAF Local Collaborators: Jorgenson, M.T., Alaska Ecoscience, AK Kholodov, A.L., Geophysical Institute, UAF Daanen, R., Institute of Northern Engineering, UAF Kanevskiy M., Institute of Northern Engineering, UAF Shur, Y., Institute of Northern Engineering, UAF Walsh, J., International Arctic Research Center, UAF Fresco, N., Scenarios Network for Alaska Planning, School of Natural Resources & Agricultural Sciences, UAF Rupp, S., Scenarios Network for Alaska Planning, School of Natural Resources & Agricultural Sciences, UAF Walter-Anthony, K., Water Environmental Research Center, UAF International Collaborators: Christensen, J., Danish Meteorological Institute, Denmark Comiso, J., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Oceans and Ice Branch, USA Duguay, C. R., University of Waterloo, Canada Frolking, S., Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire, USA Georgiadi, A., Moscow Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences Groisman, P., National Climatic Data Center, USA Hachem, S., Université Laval, Québec, Canada Hubberten, H.-W., Alfred Wegener Institute, Potsdam, Germany Harden Jennifer, US Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA, USA Kattsov, V., Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory, Russia Kuhry, P., Stockholm University, Sweden Lawrence, D., National Center for Atmospheric Research, USA Malkova, G., Institute of Earth Cryosphere, Russia Pavlova, T., Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory, Russia Rawlins, M., University of New Hampshire, USA Rinke, A., Alfred Wegener Institute, Potsdam, Germany Romanovskii, N., Moscow State University, Russia Saito, K., Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science Technology, Japan Shiklomanov, N., University of Delaware, USA Shiklomanov, A., University of New Hampshire, USA Shkolnik, I.M., Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory, Russia Schirrmeister L, Alfred Wegener Institute, Potsdam, Germany Schuur A.G. Edward, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA Stendel, M., Danish Meteorological Institute, Denmark Wisser, D., Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire, USA Zheleznyak, M., Melnikov Permafrost Institute, Russia Funding: NSF Grants OPP ARC-0652838 [ARC-0520578 and ARC-0632400] NASA (NNOG6M48G), Alaska EPSCoR (NSF) The State of Alaska Study Sites Permafrost Freshwater Interactions Alaska, Canada, Russia Permafrost Observatories?Thermal state of permafrost in Russia and Central Asia Permafrost Freshwater Interactions Project continues investigations began during the Thermal State of Permafrost (TSP) Project with renewed and expanded collaboration. Our efforts focus and expand on permafrost and hydrology changes through geophysical modeling and remote sensing (satellite geodesy). During TSP in cooperation with above mentioned Russian partners a large number of existing boreholes have been identified for possible measurements (candidate sites). Many of these have metadata files on the IPA coordinated GTN-P website. Additional sites will be added to the web site. New boreholes over the next several years are planned. A total of 320 boreholes, located in Russia, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia were considered from the point of view of possibility for continuous geothermal observations (see Figure). Boreholes cover all types of permafrost, from continuous to sporadic, both on the plains and in the mountains. Active (sites where regular observations were carried out recently and are intended to continue in the future), candidate (where equipment for long-term observations can be installed soon), potential (equipment for long-term observation is planned to be installed during the project) and historical (there are some existing data but now these sites are unavailable for observations for different reasons) boreholes were selected. In order to standardize all investigations within the framework of the Project the “Manual for monitoring and reporting temperature data in permafrost boreholes” was developed. It allows better standardized collection, handling and interpretation of obtained data. In the Protocol two types of observation strategies are proposed: Type 1: Long-term high-frequency (hourly to daily) continuous observations in the limited number of key boreholes, which are representative of a given regions (note: these more frequent observations are desirable to depths of 15-20 meters); Type 2: Occasional or periodical measurements in the other available and deeper boreholes (if possible annual or more frequently). As a minimum, and based primarily on cost considerations for the IPY-TSP program, the use of HOBO U12 4-External Channel Data Loggerswith temperature sensors TMC-HD are proposed. At the same time, individual participants can employ other types of loggers and/or thermal cables (chains) with similar sensor characteristics. Research Goals The goal of our research is to obtain a deeper understanding of the temporal (interannual and decadal time scales) and spatial (north to south and west to east) variability and trends in the permafrost temperatures and physical changes (such as talik and the active layer) in the North of Eurasia and Alaska to develop more reliable predictive capabilities for the projection of these changes into the 21st century. We are employing ground datasets from the global permafrost temperature networks, global positioning system sites of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame organization, together with satellite-derived datasets of physical parameters such as land-surface temperature, gravity field changes, river runoff and snow water equivalent to name a few. Our modeling efforts employ the Geophysical Institute Permafrost Models (GIPL) and Geophysical Inverse Potential Field Theory.科研人员 V. E. 罗曼诺夫斯基、S. S. 马尔琴科、R.R. 马斯基特 合作机构： 美国阿拉斯加生态科学中心（Alaska Ecoscience, USA） 德国阿尔弗雷德·魏格纳研究所（Alfred Wegener Institute, Germany） 加拿大魁北克拉瓦尔大学地理系北极研究中心（Centre d'etudes Nordiques, Department de Geographie, Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada） 丹麦气象研究所（Danish Meteorological Institute, Denmark） 俄罗斯地球冰冻圈研究所（Institute of Earth Cryosphere, Russia） 阿拉斯加大学费尔班克斯分校（UAF）北方工程研究所（Institute of Northern Engineering, UAF） 加拿大滑铁卢大学气候变化跨学科中心与地理及环境管理系（Interdisciplinary Centre on Climate Change and Department of Geography & Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Canada） 阿拉斯加大学费尔班克斯分校（UAF）国际北极研究中心（International Arctic Research Center, UAF） 美国国际冻土协会（International Permafrost Association, USA） 俄罗斯梅利尼科夫多年冻土研究所（Melinkov Permafrost Institute, Russia） 俄罗斯科学院莫斯科地理研究所（Moscow Institute of Geography, Russia Academy of Sciences） 美国国家大气研究中心（National Center for Atmospheric Research, USA） 美国国家航空航天局（NASA, National Aeronautics and Space Administration）戈达德航天飞行中心（NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, USA） 阿拉斯加大学费尔班克斯分校（UAF）阿拉斯加规划情景网络（Scenarios Network for Alaska Planning, SNAP, UAF） 瑞典斯德哥尔摩大学（Stockholm University, Sweden） 美国特拉华大学（University of Delaware, USA） 美国新罕布什尔大学（University of New Hampshire, USA） 阿拉斯加大学费尔班克斯分校（UAF）水环境研究中心（Water Environment Research Center, UAF） 本地合作者： Jorgenson M.T.，美国阿拉斯加生态科学中心，阿拉斯加州 Kholodov A.L.，阿拉斯加大学费尔班克斯分校地球物理研究所 Daanen R.，阿拉斯加大学费尔班克斯分校北方工程研究所 Kanevskiy M.，阿拉斯加大学费尔班克斯分校北方工程研究所 Shur Y.，阿拉斯加大学费尔班克斯分校北方工程研究所 Walsh J.，阿拉斯加大学费尔班克斯分校国际北极研究中心 Fresco N.，阿拉斯加大学费尔班克斯分校阿拉斯加规划情景网络，自然资源与农业科学学院 Rupp S.，阿拉斯加大学费尔班克斯分校阿拉斯加规划情景网络，自然资源与农业科学学院 Walter-Anthony K.，阿拉斯加大学费尔班克斯分校水环境研究中心 国际合作者： Christensen J.，丹麦气象研究所，丹麦 Comiso J.，美国国家航空航天局戈达德航天飞行中心海洋与冰川学分支 Duguay C.R.，加拿大滑铁卢大学 Frolking S.，美国新罕布什尔大学地球、海洋与空间研究所 Georgiadi A.，俄罗斯科学院莫斯科地理研究所 Groisman P.，美国国家气候数据中心 Hachem S.，加拿大魁北克拉瓦尔大学 Hubberten H.-W.，德国阿尔弗雷德·魏格纳研究所波茨坦分部 Harden Jennifer，美国地质调查局门洛帕克分部，加利福尼亚州门洛帕克 Kattsov V.，俄罗斯沃耶伊科夫主地球物理观测台 Kuhry P.，瑞典斯德哥尔摩大学 Lawrence D.，美国国家大气研究中心 Malkova G.，俄罗斯地球冰冻圈研究所 Pavlova T.，俄罗斯沃耶伊科夫主地球物理观测台 Rawlins M.，美国新罕布什尔大学 Rinke A.，德国阿尔弗雷德·魏格纳研究所波茨坦分部 Romanovskii N.，俄罗斯莫斯科国立大学 Saito K.，日本海洋地球科学技术厅 Shiklomanov N.，美国特拉华大学 Shiklomanov A.，美国新罕布什尔大学 Shkolnik I.M.，俄罗斯沃耶伊科夫主地球物理观测台 Schirrmeister L.，德国阿尔弗雷德·魏格纳研究所波茨坦分部 Schuur A.G. Edward，美国佛罗里达大学盖恩斯维尔分校 Stendel M.，丹麦气象研究所，丹麦 Wisser D.，美国新罕布什尔大学地球、海洋与空间研究所 Zheleznyak M.，俄罗斯梅利尼科夫多年冻土研究所 资助项目： 美国国家科学基金会（National Science Foundation, NSF）OPP项目资助编号ARC-0652838 [ARC-0520578与ARC-0632400] 美国国家航空航天局（NASA）资助项目NNOG6M48G，阿拉斯加EPSCoR项目（美国国家科学基金会资助），阿拉斯加州政府 研究站点 多年冻土淡水相互作用 阿拉斯加、加拿大、俄罗斯 俄罗斯与中亚地区多年冻土观测站热状态 多年冻土淡水相互作用项目延续了此前在“多年冻土热状态（Thermal State of Permafrost, TSP）”项目中启动的研究工作，并通过更新与扩展合作网络进一步推进。本研究聚焦并拓展了通过地球物理建模、遥感（remote sensing）与卫星大地测量（satellite geodesy）手段开展的多年冻土（permafrost）与水文变化研究。 在TSP项目期间，我们与上述俄罗斯合作机构合作，识别出大量现有钻孔以开展潜在测量（候选站点）。其中多数站点的元数据（metadata）可在国际冻土协会（International Permafrost Association, IPA）协调的全球冻土温度网络（Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost, GTN-P）网站获取。后续将有更多站点加入该网站，未来数年内还计划开展新钻孔施工。我们从持续地热观测可行性的角度，共筛选出位于俄罗斯、哈萨克斯坦与蒙古国的320个钻孔（详见附图）。这些钻孔涵盖了从连续多年冻土到零星多年冻土的所有类型，分布于平原与山地区域。我们筛选出了四类钻孔：活跃钻孔（近期已开展常规观测且计划未来继续监测）、候选钻孔（可尽快安装长期观测设备）、潜在钻孔（计划在本项目期间安装长期观测设备）以及历史钻孔（已有相关观测数据，但因各类原因目前无法开展监测）。 为统一本项目框架内的所有研究工作，我们制定了《多年冻土钻孔温度数据监测与报告手册》，以实现观测数据的标准化采集、处理与解译。该手册提出了两类观测策略： 类型1：在代表特定区域的少量关键钻孔中开展长期高频（每小时至每日）连续观测（注：这类高频观测建议覆盖15-20米深度）； 类型2：对其他可用的较深钻孔开展偶尔或定期测量（若条件允许，每年至少测量一次或更频繁）。 基于国际极地年-多年冻土热状态项目（International Polar Year-Thermal State of Permafrost, IPY-TSP）的成本考量，我们建议至少使用搭载TMC-HD温度传感器的HOBO U12 4通道外部数据记录仪。同时，各参与方也可采用其他具备相似传感器特性的记录仪或热感电缆（链）。 研究目标 本研究旨在更深入地理解欧亚大陆北部与阿拉斯加地区多年冻土温度及物理变化（如融区（talik）与活动层（active layer））的时间（年际与年代际尺度）与空间（北至南、西至东）变异性及变化趋势，进而为21世纪这些变化的预测提供更可靠的支撑能力。我们将使用来自全球多年冻土温度网络、国际地面参考框架（International Terrestrial Reference Frame, ITRF）组织的全球定位系统站点的地面数据集，以及地表温度、重力场变化、河流径流与雪水当量等卫星反演物理参数数据集。本研究的建模工作将采用地球物理研究所多年冻土模型（Geophysical Institute Permafrost Models, GIPL）与地球物理反演势场理论。