Data from: Whole genome sequencing reveals absence of recent gene-flow and separate demographic histories for Anopheles punctulatus mosquitoes in Papua New Guinea

Anopheles mosquitoes are the vectors of several human diseases including malaria. In many malaria endemic areas, several species of Anopheles coexist, sometimes in the form of related sibling species that are morphologically indistinguishable. Determining the size and organization of Anopheles populations, and possible ongoing gene flow among them is important for malaria control and, in particular, for monitoring the spread of insecticide resistance alleles. However, these parameters have been difficult to evaluate in most Anopheles species due to the paucity of genetic data available. Here, we assess the extent of contemporary gene flow and historical variations in population size by sequencing and de novo assembling the genomes of wild-caught mosquitoes from four species of the Anopheles punctulatus group of Papua New Guinea. Our analysis of more than 50 Mb of orthologous DNA sequences revealed no evidence of contemporary gene flow among these mosquitoes. In addition, investigation of the demography of two of the An. punctulatus species revealed distinct population histories. Overall, our analyses suggest that, despite their similarities in morphology, behaviour and ecology, contemporary sympatric populations of An. punctulatus are evolving independently.按蚊（Anopheles）是包括疟疾在内的多种人类疾病的传播媒介。在多数疟疾流行区域，多种按蚊物种共存，有时会以亲缘关系密切的姊妹种形式出现，这类姊妹种在形态上无法区分。明确按蚊种群的规模与组织结构，以及种群间是否存在持续的基因流动，对于疟疾防控，尤其是监测抗杀虫剂等位基因的传播至关重要。然而，由于可用遗传数据匮乏，多数按蚊物种的这类参数难以被准确评估。 本研究针对采自巴布亚新几内亚的斑须按蚊（Anopheles punctulatus）类群的4个物种的野生捕获蚊虫开展基因组测序并进行从头组装，以此评估当代基因流程度与种群规模的历史变化。通过对超过50 Mb的直系同源DNA序列进行分析，本研究未发现这些蚊虫间存在当代基因流的证据。此外，对两种斑须按蚊的种群历史动态进行调查后发现，二者具备截然不同的种群演化历史。 总体而言，本研究的分析结果表明，尽管同域共存的斑须按蚊种群在形态、行为与生态特征上高度相似，但其当代种群正处于独立演化的进程中。