Targeting superficial cancers with gold nanoparticles: a review of current research

Superficial cancers typically refer to cancers confined to the surface layers of tissue. Low-targeting therapies or side effects prompt exploration of novel therapeutic approaches. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), due to their unique optical properties, serve as effective photosensitizers, enabling tumor ablation through photothermal therapy (PTT). PTT induced by AuNPs can be achieved through light sources externally applied to the skin. Near-infrared radiation is the main light candidate due to its deep tissue penetration capability. This review explores recent advancements in AuNP-based PTT for superficial cancers, specifically breast, head and neck, thyroid, bladder and prostate cancers. Additionally, challenges and future directions in utilizing AuNPs for cancer treatment are discussed, emphasizing the importance of balancing efficacy with safety in clinical applications. Cancer remains a global health challenge, underscoring the necessity to explore innovative and more effective treatment modalities. AuNP-based PTT represents a promising shift in cancer therapy, offering targeted and minimally invasive treatment modalities. AuNPs, upon light activation, induce localized heating, selectively eradicating cancer cells. Their size, shape and surface properties influence their photothermal efficiency and targeting capabilities. Studies have demonstrated the efficacy of AuNP-based PTT in superficial cancers like melanoma and breast cancer. Functionalization strategies, such as EGFR or HTf-conjugation, enhance tumor targeting and therapeutic outcomes. Clinical trials validate the safety and efficacy of AuNP-based PTT, particularly in prostate cancer. Initial trials report significant tumor ablation rates, driving further translational research efforts. Challenges persist in optimizing AuNP parameters and minimizing off-target effects for broader clinical applicability. Future research efforts aim to overcome these challenges, advancing AuNP-based therapies toward clinical implementation.