The Golgi Complex Is a Microtubule-organizing Organelle

We show that the Golgi complex can directly stimulate microtubule nucleation in vivo and in vitro and thus behaves as a potent microtubule-organizing organelle in interphase cells. With the use of nocodazole wash-out experiments in hepatic cells, we found that the occurrence of noncentrosomal, early stabilized microtubules is highly correlated with the subcellular localization of Golgi membranes. With the use of in vitro reconstituted microtubule assembly systems with or without cytosol, we also found that, in contrast to centrosomally attached microtubules, the distal ends of Golgi-attached microtubules are remotely stabilized in a way that requires additional cytosolic component(s). Finally, we demonstrate that Golgi-based microtubule nucleation is direct and involves a subset of γ-tubulin bound to the cytoplasmic face of the organelle.