Exploring the influence of geographic proximity on the urban thermal environment and its boundary effects

The building form attributes (NDBI, BD, FAR, AH, and HSTD) and nonbuilding form parameters (SuVC and SVF) were systematically quantified. GIS-based processing integrates all spatial datasets. The urban block distance to Dianchi Lake (UB-DDL) and the urban block distance to forested mountain area (UB-DFMA) were quantified via the buffer zone tool in GIS software. In addition, LCZ mapping for non-built-up types is categorized on the basis of two indicators, the NDBI and SuVC. LST data were acquired in February, April, July and October 2022, with concurrent vegetation cover measurements collected during four campaigns.