Results of linear mixed models testing effects of deer exclosure and year on measures of plant community structure from the soil seed bank and aboveground vegetation.

The year-by-deer exclusion interaction was never significant and subsequently dropped from all models; df  = 5 for germinant models and df  = 3 for aboveground vegetation models. Initial values shown are χ2 values for likelihood tests excluding treatment of interest. Bold values denote statistical significance at P≤0.05.