2016 SoE Marine Chapter - Effectiveness of Management - Shipping

The Marine chapter of the 2016 State of the Environment (SoE) report incorporates multiple expert templates developed from streams of marine data. This metadata record describes the Expert Assessment "Effectiveness of marine management of shipping". The full Expert Assessment, including figures and tables (where provided), is attached to this record. Where available, the Data Stream(s) used to generate this Expert Assessment are accessible through the "On-line Resources" section of this record.----------------------------------------DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESSURE BEING MANAGED, AND ITS IMPACTA total of 26936 ships arrived at Australian ports during 2014, 9.8% of those arrived at Port Hedland, 9.3% at Brisbane, 8.1% at Newcastle, 7.3% at Melbourne and 6.8% at Dampier. --Operational discharges--Environmental regulation of shipping is regularly reviewed and amended to strengthen environment protection and reduce the environmental impact of shipping globally through the International Maritime Organisation (IMO). Some recent amendments to international law of significance include:• MARPOL Annex V amendments which tighten the controls on discharge of garbage at sea.• Amendments to Annex VI of MARPOL which introduces technical and operational controls on greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping. --Marine invasive species--Due to a range of concerns about technical feasibility and efficacy of the available technology, the 2004 International Convention on the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments is yet to enter into force. The required entry into force criteria (ratification by 30 States, representing 35% of world tonnage) is likely to be met in 2016 which means that the convention will enter into force in 2017. The International Guidelines for the Control and Management of Ships' Biofouling to Minimize the Transfer of Invasive Aquatic Species, were adopted in 2011. While voluntary, the Guidelines provide a basis upon which to further promote a best practice approach to biofouling management for the prevention of marine pest incursions.A review of Commonwealth marine pest policy in Australian has recently been concluded which, along with the implementation of the new Biosecurity Act 2015, should lead to some advances in and a more nationally consistent approach to domestic marine pest policy and legislation relating to shipping.--Domestic shipping management--A number of significant changes have taken place since 2011 in relation to the management of shipping around the Australian coast with a view to increasing environmental protection. • Designation of the Coral Sea Particularly Sensitive Sea Area• Extension of the Great Barrier Reef compulsory pilotage area• Review of the National Plan for Maritime Environmental Emergencies• Development of the North East Shipping Management PlanDATA STREAM(S) USED IN EXPERT ASSESSMENTData contained in sectoral reports, information on national and international guidelines, protocols and the MARPOL convention. Details of the specific data sets used to generate this assessment have not been provided.2016 SOE ASSESSMENT SUMMARY [see attached Expert Assessment for full details]• Understanding of pressure: Good understanding of potential impacts.• Planning associated with management of pressure: Good level of national and international coordination to manage impacts.• Input for informing management of pressure: Strong management systems remain in place.• Processes associated with developing, monitoring, and updating management: Shipping management systems continue to provide effective protection in most areas, with some gaps relating to marine pest management.• Outputs from management framework in place: Ongoing management is needed to ensure that best practice procedures remain in place.• Outcomes of management framework in place: Shipping management needs to be adaptable to changing shipping patterns.CHANGES SINCE 2011 SOE ASSESSMENTNew guidelines have been developed, a new biosecurity act put in place, changes to sensitive sea areas and compulsory pilotage areas and a review of the National Plan for Maritime Environmental Emergencies has occurred.2016年《环境状况报告》（State of the Environment, SoE）海洋章节纳入了多套基于海洋数据流构建的专家模板。本元数据记录针对《专家评估：航运海洋管理有效性》展开说明。本记录附件包含完整的专家评估内容，含相关图表（如已提供）。若有可用数据，用于生成本专家评估的数据流可通过本记录的“在线资源”板块获取。 ----------------------------------------待管理压力及其影响说明 2014年共有26936艘船舶抵达澳大利亚各港口，其中9.8%的船舶抵达黑德兰港（Port Hedland），9.3%抵达布里斯班港，8.1%抵达纽卡斯尔港，7.3%抵达墨尔本港，6.8%抵达丹皮尔港。 ——作业性排放—— 国际海事组织（International Maritime Organisation, IMO）会定期审查并修订航运环境监管规则，以强化全球环境保护，降低航运活动对环境的负面影响。近期具有重要意义的国际法修订内容包括： • 《国际防止船舶造成污染公约》（MARPOL）附则V修订案，收紧海上垃圾排放管控要求。 • MARPOL附则VI修订案，引入针对国际航运温室气体排放的技术与运营管控措施。 ——海洋入侵物种—— 受限于现有技术的可行性与防控效果等多重顾虑，《2004年船舶压载水和沉积物控制与管理国际公约》尚未生效。该公约生效所需的门槛条件（30个国家批准且覆盖全球35%的船舶总吨位）预计将在2016年达成，这意味着公约将于2017年正式生效。2011年通过的《控制和管理船舶生物污损以减少入侵水生生物转移国际指南》虽不具强制约束力，但为推广船舶生物污损管理的最佳实践模式以防范海洋有害生物入侵提供了基础框架。 澳大利亚近期已完成联邦层面海洋有害生物政策的审查工作，结合新实施的《2015年生物安全法》（Biosecurity Act 2015），有望推动国内航运相关海洋有害生物政策与立法实现进一步完善，并达成更具全国统一性的管理模式。 ——国内航运管理—— 自2011年以来，澳大利亚沿海航运管理领域已发生多项重大变革，旨在强化环境保护： • 珊瑚海特别敏感海域的划定 • 大堡礁强制引航区域的扩展 • 《国家海事环境应急计划》的修订 • 《东北航运管理计划》的制定 ----------------------------------------专家评估所用数据流 本专家评估所用数据来自分领域报告、国内外指南、协议及MARPOL公约。本次评估所采用的具体数据集详情未予提供。 ----------------------------------------2016年环境状况报告评估摘要（完整详情请见附件中的专家评估文件） • 压力认知：对潜在影响具备充分认知。 • 压力管理相关规划：已形成较高水平的国内外协同管理机制以应对相关影响。 • 压力管理的决策支撑：仍保留了健全的管理体系。 • 管理措施的制定、监测与更新流程：多数区域的航运管理体系仍可提供有效保护，但在海洋有害生物管理领域仍存在部分短板。 • 现有管理框架的产出：需持续开展管理工作以确保最佳实践流程得以延续。 • 现有管理框架的成效：航运管理模式需适配不断变化的航运格局。 ----------------------------------------2011年环境状况报告评估以来的变化 自2011年环境状况报告评估以来，相关领域已出台全新指南、实施新的生物安全法、调整了敏感海域与强制引航区域，并完成了《国家海事环境应急计划》的修订工作。