Data from: Rapid diversification and time explain amphibian richness at different scales in the Tropical Andes, Earth's most biodiverse hotspot

The Tropical Andes are Earth's most species-rich biodiversity hotspot for both animals and plants. Nevertheless, the ecological and evolutionary processes underlying this extraordinary richness remain uncertain. Here, we examine the processes that generate high richness in the Andes relative to other regions in South America, and across different elevations within the Andes, using frogs as a model system. We combine distributional data, a newly generated time-calibrated phylogeny for 2318 frog species, and phylogenetic comparative methods to test the relative importance of diversification rates and colonization times for explaining Andean diversity at different scales. At larger scales (among regions and families), we find that faster diversification rates in Andean clades most likely explain high Andean richness. In contrast, at smaller temporal and spatial scales (within family-level clades, within the Andes), diversification rates rarely explain richness patterns. Instead, we show that colonization times are important for shaping elevational richness patterns within the Andes, with more species found in habitats colonized earlier. We suggest that these scale-dependent patterns might apply to many other richness gradients. Recognition of this scale-dependence may help to reconcile conflicting results among studies of richness patterns across habitats, regions, and organisms.热带安第斯山脉是全球动植物物种最为丰富的生物多样性热点地区。然而，支撑这一非凡物种丰富度的生态与演化过程仍不明朗。本研究以蛙类作为模式系统，探究了相较于南美其他区域，以及安第斯山脉内部不同海拔梯度下，造就安第斯山脉高物种丰富度的相关过程。我们整合了分布数据、全新构建的2318个蛙类物种时间校准系统发育树，以及系统发育比较分析方法，以检验在不同尺度下，分化速率与定殖时间对于解释安第斯山脉生物多样性的相对重要性。在较大尺度（区域间与科间）下，我们发现安第斯演化支更快的分化速率最有可能解释安第斯山脉的高物种丰富度。与之相反，在较小的时空尺度下（安第斯山脉内部的科级演化支间），分化速率几乎无法解释物种丰富度格局。取而代之的是，我们发现定殖时间对于塑造安第斯山脉内部的海拔物种丰富度格局至关重要：越早被定殖的生境，其所拥有的物种数量往往越多。我们认为，这些依赖于尺度的格局或可推广至诸多其他物种丰富度梯度研究中。认识到这种尺度依赖性，或有助于协调跨生境、跨区域以及跨类群的物种丰富度格局研究中出现的矛盾结果。