<b>Management solutions to handle the global-scale reactive nitrogen crisis</b>

<b>Abstract</b>The global reactive nitrogen (Nr) crisis presents a pressing challenge, requiring practices that balance Nr losses and crop productivity. Here, we quantitatively synthesize the effect of 14 common management practices on Nr losses and crop productivity by reviewing 146 available meta-analyses and conduct a second-order meta-analysis based on 6382 unique primary studies comprising 20,167 paired observations. We identify four globally scalable ‘win-win’ practices: enhanced-efficiency fertilizers, reduced nitrogen inputs, optimized fertilization methods, and biochar amendments. These practices mitigate Nr losses—reducing N₂O (-12–35%), NO (-22–35%), NH₃ (-20–40%), and leaching or runoff (-18–27%)—while enhancing nitrogen use efficiency (23–71%), uptake (9–21%), and crop yield (9–15%). By quantifying synergistic benefits across diverse agroecosystems, our findings facilitate global movements commensurate with the reactive nitrogen crisis without compromising food security.<b>Keywords</b>: Reactive nitrogen; Second-order meta-analysis, Nitrogen mitigation, Crop productivity, Sustainable agriculture<br><br><br><b>1. Dataset.xlsx</b>Contains the whole dataset used for the study.<b>2. Figure1_Xu.rmd</b>R Markdown file for generating Figure 1.<b>3. Fig1_Data_2.tsv</b>Data file in TSV format used for Figure 1.<b>4. Fig1_Data_1.xlsx</b>Another dataset supporting Figure 1.<b>5. Figure2_Xu.rmd</b>R Markdown file for generating Figure 2.<b>6. Fig2_Data.xlsx</b>Data file supporting Figure 2.<b>7. Figure3_Xu.rmd</b>R Markdown file for generating Figure 3.<b>8. Fig3_Data.xlsx</b>Data file for Figure 3.<b>9. Unique Primary Studies.xlsx</b>A collection of primary studies referenced in the research.<b>10. Model_Result_Example.html</b>An HTML output file displaying the results of the meta-analysis.Contains model summaries and statistical outputs.For any additional requests, please contact <b>Shengwen Xu ([e-mail])</b>.