It's a long way to the top - Women's ministerial career paths

Ministerial portfolios that promise high status, broad public visibility, and extensive financial and personnel resources continue to be men’s domains. In this article, we shed light on gender inequality in ministerial selection processes by studying the duration between the original appointment as a member of cabinet until receiving responsibility for a highly prestigious portfolio. We argue that the time it takes for ambitious politicians to prove themselves suitable for this type of cabinet positions depends on their sex and the degree to which the policy area for which they are responsible reinforces stereotypical expectations about their personality traits. Empirical evidence from event history analysis of original data including detailed information on all ministerial careers in 27 European countries between 1990 to 2018 supports these propositions. These findings reveal that even highly qualified female politicians who are already members of the executive face additional barriers during their political careers.