Economic and technical determinants of the development of photovoltaic micro-installations: A case study of Poland

Poland is currently undergoing an energy transition, which involves a gradual shift away from fossil fuels towards renewable energy. This creates numerous technical and economic challenges, which are analyzed in this article. The energy transition process requires, among other things, adapting energy transmission networks and addressing the problem of periodic excess renewable energy production. The article analyzes various installation solutions to prevent excessive energy production, known as peaks, which destabilize energy transmission networks on non-working days. The results of the analyses indicate that it is possible to optimize the orientation of photovoltaic micro-installations relative to the cardinal directions for proper system operation, taking into account the current state of transmission networks, which are loaded by many such devices simultaneously.