4D Vesiculation Dynamics in Basaltic Magma Under High Pressure and High Temperature

Transitions between effusive and explosive activity at basaltic volcanoes are strongly influenced by magma permeability, which is controlled by bubble nucleation, growth and coalescence during ascent. Here, we propose the first 4D (3D space+time) vesiculation experiments with an in-situ view to study bubble growth, coalescence, and permeability evolution of basaltic magma under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions. By combining fast X-ray synchrotron microtomography with a novel Internally Heated Pressure Vessel, we will simulate magma ascent within the crust at pressures up to 150 MPa in presence of volatiles. These experiments will provide the first 4D quantitative insights into bubble kinetics in basaltic magma under pre- and syn-eruptive conditions. The results will be integrated into numerical models, representing a critical step to improve our understanding of magma behaviour and enhancing our ability to forecast and mitigate the risks associated with basaltic eruptions.