Supplementary Information from "Marine introgressions and Andean uplift drives diversification in neotropical Monkey tree frogs (Anura, Phyllomedusinae)"

The species richness in Neotropics has been linked to environmental heterogeneity and a complex geological history. We evaluated which biogeographical processes were more associated with the diversification of Monkey tree frogs, an endemic clade from the Neotropics. We tested the hypothesis that the diversification of Phyllomedusinae occurred in a south-north direction in the Neotropics, and that marine introgressions and Andean uplift had a crucial role promoting their diversification. We used 13 molecular markers on a bayesian analysis to infer phylogenetic relationships among 57 species of Phyllomedusinae and to estimate their divergence times. We hypothesized the ancestral range based in 12 biogeographical units defined considering the distribution of the phyllomedusine species and potential biogeographical barriers. Ancestral range estimations were made by models implemented in BioGeoBEARS. We found that the Phyllomedusinae hypothetical ancestor range was probably widespread through the Neotropics, from Central America to Southern Atlantic Forest, at 38.6 Mya. Phyllomedusines' ancestors diverged mostly through vicariance during early stages of speciation, generally followed by jump-dispersals and speciation in sympatry. Dispersal among areas mostly occurred from Western Amazonia towards Northern Andes and the diagonal of dry landscapes, rejecting our south-north diversification hypothesis. Our results revealed a complex diversification of Monkey tree frogs, occurring simultaneously with the orogeny of Northern Andes and the South American marine introgressions in the last 30 million years.新热带界（Neotropics）的物种丰富度与环境异质性及复杂地质历史密切相关。本研究旨在明确哪些生物地理过程与新热带界特有支系猴树蛙（Monkey tree frogs）的物种分化更为相关。我们验证了两项假说：其一，叶泡蛙亚科（Phyllomedusinae）的物种分化在新热带界呈现南北方向的格局；其二，海洋侵入事件与安第斯山脉隆升对其物种分化起到了关键推动作用。本研究选取13个分子标记，通过贝叶斯分析推断57种叶泡蛙亚科物种的系统发育关系，并估算其分化时间。研究基于叶泡蛙亚科物种的分布格局及潜在生物地理屏障，划定了12个生物地理单元，并据此推测该类群的祖先分布区。祖先分布区的估算通过BioGeoBEARS内置的模型完成。研究结果显示，叶泡蛙亚科的假想祖先分布区可能在3860万年前（38.6 Mya）就已广泛覆盖从中美洲到大西洋森林南部的新热带界区域。叶泡蛙亚科的祖先类群在物种形成早期主要通过隔离分化实现演化分歧，后续通常伴随跳跃扩散与同域物种形成事件。区域间的扩散主要从亚马孙西部流向安第斯山脉北部与南美干旱对角带，这一结果否定了我们提出的南北方向物种分化假说。本研究结果表明，猴树蛙的物种分化过程极为复杂，其发生时间与安第斯山脉北部的造山运动以及过去3000万年间的南美海洋侵入事件基本同步。