Social rank, female competition for food, and behavioural time-budgets in a temperate primate multi-level society

Competition within primate groups often translates to a social hierarchy, with high-rank individuals gaining privileged access to resources, especially food. Golden snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus roxellana live in a multi-level society, with multiple one-male units (OMUs), each containing a single adult male and several females, forming a breeding-band. High-rank males have increased access to high-value foods and spend less time feeding and more time being groomed by females, potentially enhancing social cohesion within their OMUs. The adults of each OMU mainly feed and socialize together, with food competition predominantly acting at the OMU level. We thus predicted that adult females by association attain the rank and feeding privileges of their OMU leader males, and make similar time-budget trade-offs. By food-provisioning a wild breeding-band during winter and spring, when natural foods are abundant or limited, respectively, we found that females of high-rank OMUs ate more provis..., Field study of female-female competition in wild golden monkeys. The effects of seasonality and social rank were tested. Data are arranged in order to be analysed in R using mixed-models., , **Spreadsheet column headings** ** ** ** Foodstack data sheet** ** ** **This spreadsheet is made up of values taken in spring and winter by recording the same group of monkeys. The values have also been split between two food types, provisioned and natural. This is to enable the comparison of food type and season. However, this results in data from the same individual females being included because measurements were taken from the same monkeys in spring and winter, and because they eat both provisioned and natural food on the same day. These data for the same monkeys have thus been ‘stacked’ on top of each other. This has been accounted for in our statistical analysis by using ‘individual’ as a random factor** ** ** **‘Day’ of data recording reflects the same ‘date’ in each dataset. ‘Rank’ is the OMU leader male rank at the time the data were recorded.** ** ** ***Column headings and what they mean.***  **Number** – row number. To enhance data sorting and management.  **Sea...灵长类群体内部的竞争往往会形成社会等级体系（social hierarchy），高等级个体可优先获取各类资源，尤以食物为甚。川金丝猴（Golden snub-nosed monkeys, *Rhinopithecus roxellana*）营多层级社会结构，由多个一雄多雌单元（one-male units, OMUs）组成：每个单元包含1只成年雄性与数只雌性，共同构成繁殖群。高等级雄性获取高价值食物的机会更多，进食时长更短，且更常接受雌性的理毛行为，这或有助于提升其所在OMU内部的社会凝聚力。各OMU的成年个体主要共同觅食与社交，食物竞争主要发生在OMU层面。据此我们推测：成年雌性可通过依附所在繁殖单元，获得与其OMU首领雄性匹配的等级地位与觅食特权，并做出相似的时间预算权衡（time-budget trade-offs）。 我们于冬季与春季对该野生繁殖群开展人工投食（food-provisioning）实验——此时天然食物资源分别处于匮乏与充足状态——结果发现，高等级OMU的雌性摄食更多投食食物……（原文此处截断为**Sea...**）。本研究为野生金丝猴雌性间竞争（female-female competition）的野外研究（field study），旨在检验季节性（seasonality）与社会等级的影响效应。数据经整理后将使用混合模型（mixed-models）在R语言中开展统计分析。 **电子表格列标题** **食物栈数据表** 本电子表格的数据取自同一猴群在春季与冬季的记录，且按投食食物与天然食物两类进行划分，以实现食物类型与季节的对比分析。但由于：① 同一雌性个体在春季与冬季均被取样；② 个体当日可同时摄食投食食物与天然食物，因此相同个体的数据会被重复纳入。我们在统计分析中已通过将"个体"作为随机效应因子（random factor），对该重复测量问题进行了校正。 数据记录的"日期"对应各数据集的统一"日期"；"等级（Rank）"指数据记录时对应的OMU首领雄性的社会等级。 **列标题及含义说明** - 编号（Number）：行号，用于优化数据排序与管理。 - 其余列标题原文截断为**Sea...**。