Environmentally induced development costs underlie fitness tradeoffs

Local adaptation can lead to genotype‐by‐environment interactions, which can create fitness tradeoffs in alternative environments, and govern the distribution of biodiversity across geographic landscapes. Exploring the ecological circumstances that promote the evolution of fitness tradeoffs requires identifying how natural selection operates and during which ontogenetic stages natural selection is strongest. When organisms disperse to areas outside their natural range, tradeoffs might emerge when organisms struggle to reach key life history stages, or alternatively, die shortly after reaching life history stages if there are greater risks of mortality associated with costs to developing in novel environments. We used multiple populations from four ecotypes of an Australian native wildflower (Senecio pinnatifolius) in reciprocal transplants to explore how fitness tradeoffs arise across ontogeny. We then assessed whether the survival probability for plants from native and foreign populati...局部适应可引发基因型-环境互作（genotype-by-environment interactions），后者会在异质环境中产生适合度权衡（fitness tradeoffs），并调控生物多样性在地理景观中的分布格局。探究驱动适合度权衡演化的生态条件，需要明确自然选择的作用模式，以及自然选择作用最强的个体发育阶段（ontogenetic stages）。当生物扩散至其自然分布范围以外的区域时，若个体难以抵达关键生活史阶段，或是在抵达生活史阶段后因在新生境发育所需付出的代价伴随更高的死亡风险，则可能出现适合度权衡。本研究以澳大利亚原生野生花卉羽叶千里光（Senecio pinnatifolius）的4种生态型的多个种群为材料，通过互惠移植（reciprocal transplants）实验，探究适合度权衡如何随个体发育过程产生。随后我们评估了来自本土与外来种群的植物的存活概率……