GOLGA8 increases bulk antisense oligonucleotide uptake and activity in mammalian cells

Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are short synthetic nucleic acids that recognize and bind to complementary RNA to modulate gene expression. It is well-established that single-stranded, phosphorothioate modified ASOs enter cells independent of carrier molecules, primarily via endocytic pathways, but that only a small portion of internalized ASO is released into the cytosol and/or nucleus rendering the majority of ASO as inaccessible to the targeted RNA. Identifying pathways that can increase the available ASO pool is valuable as a research tool and therapeutically. Here, we conducted a functional genomic screen for ASO activity by engineering GFP splice reporter cells and applying genome wide CRISPR gene activation. The screen can identify factors that enhance ASO splice modulation activity. Characterization of hit genes uncovered GOLGA8, a largely uncharacterized protein, as a novel positive regulator enhancing ASO activity by ~2-fold. Bulk ASO uptake is 5-fold higher in GOLGA8 overexpressing cells where GOLGA8 and ASOs are observed in the same intracellular compartments. We find GOLGA8 is highly localized to the trans-Golgi and readily detectable at the plasma membrane. Interestingly, overexpression of GOLGA8 increased activity for both splice modulation and RNase H1-dependent ASOs. Taken together, these results support a novel role for GOLGA8 in productive ASO uptake. Comparative gene expression analysis of DGE data for K562 cells and derivatives expressing CRISPR components designed to activate gene expression of indicated genes